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Animal Nutrition > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic, solid, crystalline chemical elements

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2
Q

What is ash?

A

Total mineral content of plants or animals

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3
Q

How much does minerals make up animal dry weight?

A

3-5%

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4
Q

How much does calcium account for in mineral make up?

A

50%

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5
Q

What are macro minerals?

A

Minerals that are normally present at greater levels in animal body or needed in large amounts in the diet

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6
Q

What are the macro minerals? (7)

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium 
Potassium
Sulfur
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7
Q

What are micro minerals?

A

Minerals present in lower levels or needed in small amount in the diet

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8
Q

What are the micro minerals? (9)

A 
Cobalt 
Copper
Fluorine
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum 
Selenium
Zinc
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9
Q

What happens if there is excess selenium and fluorine in geographical areas?

A

The area is considered toxic

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10
Q

What are the functions of minerals? (7)

A

Skeletal formation and maintenance
Function in protein synthesis
Oxygen transport
Fluid balance
Regulating acid-base balance of entire system
Activator and/or component of enzyme systems
Mineral-vitamin relationships

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11
Q

What minerals are involved with skeletal formation and maintenance? (5)

A 
Calcium 
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Copper
Manganese
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12
Q

What minerals are involved in the function of protein synthesis? (3)

A

Phosphorus
Sulfur
Zinc

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13
Q

What minerals are involved in oxygen transport? (2)

A

Iron (hemoglobin)

Copper

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14
Q

What minerals are involved in fluid balance? (3)

A

Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium (electrolytes)

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15
Q

What minerals are involved in regulating acid-base balance of entire system? (3)

A

Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium

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16
Q

What minerals are involved in activation and/or are a component of enzyme systems? (8)

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Iron
Copper
Manganese
Zinc
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17
Q

What minerals are involved in mineral-vitamin relationships? (4) What vitamins?

A

Calcium (Vit. D)
Phosphorus (Vit. D)
Cobalt (Cobalamine)
Selenium (Vit. E)

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18
Q

What is considered a good source of most minerals?

A

Forage plants

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19
Q

What kind of source for minerals are grains?

A

Fair source of phosphorus

Low in other minerals

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20
Q

How and where from are minerals absorbed?

A

In ionic form from the small intestine

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21
Q

What does absorption occur as?

A

The result of absorption (Ca, P, Na) or diffusion ( most other minerals)

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22
Q

What 5 factors affect mineral absorption?

A 
Age of animal 
Form of element 
pH of intestinal tract
Binding or chelating components
Excess or interactions with other minerals
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23
Q

What are the units of measurement for minerals?

A

Amount required by animal daily

Grams, milligrams, micrograms

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24
Q

How are macro grams generally expressed?

A

As a percent of the diet

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25
Q

How are micro minerals expressed?

A

As milligrams of micrograms/kg or lb. of diet

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26
Q

Where is most calcium stored?

A

Bones

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27
Q

How much of the calcium in the body is in teeth and bones?

A

99%

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28
Q

What happens when calcium is not mobilized from the bone fast enough for metabolic needs?

A

Tetany

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29
Q

What is calcium most readily available from?

A

Jaw bone

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30
Q

What are the 7 functions of calcium?

A 
Blood clotting
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission
Cell wall permeability
Enzyme activation
Milk/egg production 
Secretion of hormones and releasing factors
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31
Q

What does a deficiency of calcium cause? (3)

A

Growth is stunted
Malformation of teeth and bones
Rickets, osteomalacia, milk fever (Vit. D deficiency)

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32
Q

Is toxicity due to calcium common?

A

No

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33
Q

What happens if toxicity occurs due to calcium? (2)

A

May cause increased calcitonin secretion

May cause kidney stones

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34
Q

How much of the mineral composition in the body is phosphorus?

A

25%

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35
Q

What is phosphorus very closely linked to?

A

Calcium

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36
Q

Where can phosphorus be found?

A

Bones and teeth

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37
Q

What is phosphorus involved with? (3)

A

Vitamin D
PTH
Calcitonin

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38
Q

What are the 5 functions of phosphorus?

A 
Bone formation
Teeth development
Milk secretion
Building muscle tissue
Metabolic functions
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39
Q

What are the 4 metabolic functions of phosphorus?

A

Energy utilization
Phospholipid formation
Amino acid metabolism
Enzyme systems

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40
Q

What are the 6 things that a deficiency of phosphorus causes?

A 
Weakness
Loss of appetite
Loss of calcium
Reproduction problems
Rickets, osteomalacia,...
Excretion of blood in urine
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41
Q

What is the excretion of blood in the urine also known as?

A

Nutritional Redwater

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42
Q

Is toxicity due to phosphorus likely?

A

No

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43
Q

What does toxicity due to phosphorus cause? (2)

A

May cause decreased calcium absorption

Urinary calculi

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44
Q

What is the ration of Ca to P?

A

1 to 2 parts Ca to 1 part P

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45
Q

What are the 4 functions of sodium?

A

Cation in osmotic pressure and acid-base balance
Constituent of pancreatic juice, bile, sweat, tears
Muscle contraction and nerve functions
Role in carbohydrate absorption

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46
Q

What are the 3 things sodium does as a cation in osmotic pressure and acid-base balance?

A

Transfer of nutrients to cells
Removal of waste products
Maintenance of water balance among tissues

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47
Q

What is the role of sodium in carbohydrate absorption?

A

Sodium dependent transfer

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48
Q

What does a deficiency of sodium cause? (3)

A

Loss of appetite
Reduced growth and milk production, weight loss
Decreased reproduction

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49
Q

What 2 things does decreased reproduction due to a sodium deficiency include?

A

Male infertility

Delayed puberty by females

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50
Q

What does toxicity due to sodium come from?

A

Restricted water consumption

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51
Q

What does toxicity due to sodium cause? (4)

A

Staggering gait
Blindness
Other nervous disorders
Hypertension

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52
Q

What are the 3 functions of chlorine?

A

Osmotic pressure
Acid-base balance
Component of HCl in stomach

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53
Q

What does HCl do in the stomach? (3)

A

Protein digestion
Activation of pepsin
Absorption of Vit. B12

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54
Q

What does a deficiency of chlorine cause? (2)

A

Alkalosis

Reduced growth rate

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55
Q

What are signs of alkalosis? (4)

A

Slow, shallow breathing
Listless
Muscle cramps
Loss of appetite

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56
Q

Is toxicity due to chlorine likely?

A

No

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57
Q

What can cause toxicity due to chlorine?

A

Ample water

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58
Q

What are the 5 functions of magnesium?

A

Component of bone and teeth
Essential cellular metabolism
Activation of peptidases–protein digestion
Relaxes nerve impulses
Serves as a buffer in the rumen and small intestine

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59
Q

What is caused by a deficiency in magnesium?

A

Grass tetany

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60
Q

What is grass tetany? (3)

A

Caused by lush, rapidly growing grass that is magnesium deficient
When fertilized, nitrogen and potassium compete with Mg for absorption
Lactating cows are more susceptible to this

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61
Q

What are symptoms of grass tetany? (5)

A 
Twitching
Accelerated respiration
Head held high
Grinding teeth
Excessive salivation
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62
Q

Is toxicity due to Mg a problem?

A

No

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63
Q

What can happen when there is toxicity due to Mg? (2)

A

Heart enters a sustained contraction

Death

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64
Q

What are the 4 functions of potassium?

A

Acid-base balance
Transfer of nutrients in and out of cells
Relaxes cardiac muscles
Required for secretion of insulin

65
Q

Is a potassium deficiency common or rare?

A

Rare

66
Q

What are symptoms of a potassium deficiency? (6)

A 
Growth reduction
Unsteady gait
Muscle weakness
Diarrhea
Hypertrophy of heart and kidney
Death
67
Q

What does toxicity due to potassium interfere with?

A

Magnesium absorption and utilization

68
Q

When is toxicity due to potassium a problem? (3)

A

Water intake is restricted
Water is saline
Dysfunctional kidney

69
Q

What are the 7 functions of sulfur?

A 
S-containing amino acids
Fat metabolism
CHO metabolism
Energy metabolism
Component of connective tissues
Conversion of toxic substances to nontoxic
Component of hair, wool, feathers
70
Q

What does a deficiency of sulfur cause?

A 
Slow growth (limited amino acids for protein synthesis)
Reduced wool growth
71
Q

What is the nitrogen:sulfur ration when there is slow growth?

A

10:1

72
Q

What does toxicity due to sulfur cause?

A

Production of hydrogen sulfide

73
Q

What does hydrogen sulfide affect?

A

Rumen microbes when there is excessive sulfur in the diet

74
Q

What are the 2 functions of cobalt?

A

Component of cobalamine

Needed for cobalamine production by rumen microbes

75
Q

What does a deficiency of cobalt cause? (2)

A

Megaloblastic anemia and neurological lesions

Decreased growth

76
Q

What are the 3 functions of copper and molybdenum?

A

Iron metabolism
Enzyme activation
Reproduction

77
Q

What is the ration for Cu:Mo?

A

2:1

78
Q

What does a deficiency of copper cause? (7)

A 
Swayback in newborn lambs
Falling disease
Staggering
Falling
Sudden death
Straight or steely wool
Bleaching of hair color
79
Q

What does toxicity of copper caused by?

A

Accumulation in liver of ruminants

80
Q

What does deficiency of molybdenum cause?

A

Not a problem

81
Q

What does toxicity due to molybdenum cause? (3)

A

Scours
Weight loss
Fading hair color

82
Q

What is the storage form of iron called?

A

Ferritin

83
Q

What are the 3 functions of iron?

A

Hemoglobin
Myoglobin, muscle protein
Enzyme activation

84
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Oxygen transport

85
Q

What does a deficiency of iron cause? (6)

A 
Iron deficiency anemia
Reduced appetite 
Diarrhea 
Labored breathing
Rough hair coat
Decreased growth
86
Q

What is iron deficiency anemia? (3)

A

Fewer red blood cells
Less hemoglobin
Pale mucus membranes

87
Q

What animals are more susceptible to iron deficiency?

A

Newborn animals, especially pigs

88
Q

What form of iron is very toxic?

A

Free iron

89
Q

What is iron always associated with?

A

A protein

90
Q

What does 2 iron and 1 β globulin protein (transferrin) make?

A

Transferritin

91
Q

What is transferritin used for?

A

Iron transfer

92
Q

What are the functions of selenium?

A

Component of glutathione peroxidase
Protect tissue from toxic substances
Interrelationship with Vit. E

93
Q

What does selenium do to the glutathione peroxidase?

A

Protect against oxidation of Polyunsaturated fatty acids

94
Q

What does a deficiency of selenium cause?

A

White muscle disease

See Vit. E

95
Q

What does toxicity due to selenium cause?

A

Blind stagger or alkali disease

96
Q

What are the 5 symptoms of blind stagger or alkali disease?

A 
Emaciation
Loss of hair
Soreness and sloughing of hooves
Blindness
Death
97
Q

What is the primary function of zinc?

A

Component or cofactor of several enzyme systems

98
Q

What is the function of manganese?

A

Activator of enzyme system involved in oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism.

99
Q

What are symptoms of a deficiency in manganese? (3)

A

Poor growth
Shortened long bones
Impaired reproduction

100
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

Thyroxine formation

101
Q

What is caused by a deficiency in iodine?

A

Goiter

102
Q

What is the function of fluorine?

A

Protect against teeth decay

103
Q

What is glucose the source of energy for in the well fed state?

A

Brain

104
Q

Where do amino acids go to in the well fed state? What for?

A

Liver for protein

105
Q

What are excess amino acids used for in the well fed state?

A

Energy–trans- and de- amination (urea synthesis)

106
Q

Where do fats go in the well fed state?

A

Adipose tissue

107
Q

What are CHOs used for in the well fed state?

A

NADPH production

108
Q

What is coming from the diet during starvation?

A

Nothing

109
Q

What are the sources of nutrients during starvation? (2)

A

Fat stored in adipose tissue

Glycogen in the liver and muscle

110
Q

What uses glucose during starvation?

A

The brain, not the muscles

111
Q

During early starvation, what do the muscles use?

A

Ketone bodies

112
Q

During starvation, how much muscle can be broken down?

A

25-30%

113
Q

During starvation, what is the brain eventually forced to use for energy?

A

Ketone bodies

114
Q

What is insulin produced by?

A

β cells of Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

115
Q

Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic

116
Q

What does insulin synthesize? (3)

A

Glycogen
Triglycerides
Proteins

117
Q

What stimulates the secretion of insulin? (2)

A

High blood glucose after a meal

High blood amino acids after a meal

118
Q

What are the metabolic effects of insulin due to?

A

Binding receptors in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue

119
Q

What does insulin prevent in CHO metabolism?

A

Hyperglycemia by decreasing blood glucose

120
Q

What are the 4 metabolic effects of CHO metabolism with insulin?

A

Increase glucose transport into adipose and muscle cells
Increase glycolysis
Decrease gluconeogenesis
Increase glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle

121
Q

What does insulin promote in lipid metabolism?

A

Lipogenesis (triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissues)

122
Q

What are the 3 metabolic effects of lipid metabolism with insulin?

A

Increase fatty acid synthesis of Acetyl CoA from glucose and NADPH from glucose
Increase triglyceride synthesis
Increase triglyceride storage in adipose tissue

123
Q

What does insulin reduce in amino acid metabolism?

A

Blood amino acid increasing synthesis

124
Q

What are the 4 metabolic effects of amino acid metabolism with insulin?

A

Increase entry of amino acids to liver and muscle cells
Increase protein synthesis
Increase degradation of surplus amino acids
Urea cycle activity

125
Q

Is insulin involved more in the well fed state of starvation?

A

Well fed state

126
Q

What is glucagon produced by?

A

α cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas

127
Q

Is glucagon anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic

128
Q

What does glucagon favor? (4)

A

Breakdown of glycogen in liver
Mobilization of fatty acids
Protein degradation
Gluconeogenesis

129
Q

What is the regulation of glucagon?

A

Low blood glucose after over night or prolonged fast

130
Q

What are the metabolic effects of glucagon due to?

A

Binding to receptors in liver and adipose tissue

131
Q

What does CHO metabolism prevent with glucagon?

A

Hypoglycemia by mobilization and synthesis of glucose

132
Q

What are the 2 metabolic effects of CHO metabolism with glucagon?

A

Increase glycogen breakdown in liver

Increase gluconeogenesis by activating gluconeogenic enzymes

133
Q

What does lipid metabolism promote with glucagon?

A

Lipolysis

134
Q

What are the 4 metabolic effects of lipid metabolism with glucagon?

A

Increase triglyceride breakdown–release free fatty acids
Increase mobilization of fatty acids and uptake by liver
Increase β-oxidation in liver
Increase ketone body formation

135
Q

What does amino acid metabolism lower with glucagon?

A

Amino acid concentration in blood

136
Q

What are the 2 metabolic effects of amino acid metabolism with glucagon?

A 
Increase uptake of amino acids by the liver for gluconeogenesis
Other hormones (cortisol) cause degradation of muscle protein, release AA into blood
137
Q

What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver during the well-fed state? (5)

A 
Phosphorylation of glucose
Glycogen synthesis
Production of NADPH
Glycolysis
Decrease of gluconeogenesis
138
Q

What is the result of fat metabolism in the liver during the well-fed state? (3)

A

Fatty acid synthesis
Triglyceride synthesis
Packaging of triglycerides to very low density lipoproteins

139
Q

What is the result of amino acid metabolism in the liver during the well-fed state? (2)

A

Protein synthesis

Degradation of surplus Amino Acids

140
Q

What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in adipose tissue during the well-fed state? (3)

A

Glucose transport
Glycolysis
NADPH

141
Q

What is the result of fat metabolism in adipose tissue during the well-fed state? (2)

A

Fatty acid synthesis

Triglyceride synthesis

142
Q

What is the result of amino acid metabolism in adipose tissue during the well-fed state?

A

Not metabolize by adipose tissue

143
Q

What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle during the well-fed state? (3)

A

Glucose transport and phosphorylation
Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
Glycogen synthesis

144
Q

Why does fat metabolism have minor importance as an energy substrate?

A

High glucose

145
Q

What is the result of amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle during the well-fed state? (2)

A

Uptake of amino acids

Protein synthesis

146
Q

What does the brain use for energy in the well fed state?

A

Glucose

147
Q

Why does fat metabolism not occur in the brain?

A

Fatty acids can’t cross the blood-brain barrier

148
Q

What doe certain amino acids function as in the brain?

A

Neurotransmitters

149
Q

What do both insulin and glucagon stimulate?

A

Absorption of amino acids

150
Q

What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver during starvation? (2)

A

Glycogen degradation

Gluconeogenesis

151
Q

What is the result of fat metabolism in the liver during starvation? (2)

A

β-oxidation of fatty acids derived form adipose tissue

Synthesis of ketone bodies

152
Q

What is the result of amino acid metabolism in the liver during starvation?

A

Uptake of amino acids for gluconeogenesis

153
Q

What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation?

A

Glucose transport into adipose tissue is inhibited

154
Q

What is the result of fat metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation? (3)

A

Degradation of triglycerides
Release of triglyceride derived fatty acids into the blood
Glycerol backbone is used as gluconeogenic precursor by liver

155
Q

What is the result of amino acid metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation?

A

Amino acids are not metabolized by adipose tissue

156
Q

What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle during starvation?

A

Glucose transport into muscle cell is inhibited

157
Q

What is the result of fat metabolism in skeletal muscle during starvation? (2)

A

Use of fatty acids from adipose tissue and ketones from the liver are used as energy sources during early starvation
Use of fatty acids as energy source during prolonged starvation–spares ketone bodies for the brain

158
Q

What is the result of amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle during starvation? (2)

A

Rapid breakdown of muscle protein during first few days of starvation
Amino acids are used by liver for gluconeogenesis

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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