Test 5- Strength, temperature, pressure, toxicology

Question 1

The index of the aterial fluid solution in primary dilution. It is the index of the arterial fluid solution in the tank after water has been added.

Answer 1

Strength of Injection

Question 2

There is no reliable test to indicate when remains have been completely:

Answer 2

Disinfected

Question 3

To completely saturate the tissue of every remains with a solution of sufficient strength to destroy most microorganisms.

Answer 3

The Only Safe Procedure for any Embalmer

Question 4

Should be set at 70% tissue saturation by HCHO gas with secondary dilution at 2% index (formalin) in primary dilution. Historically, 1 gallon of 1% AFS per 50 lbs.

Answer 4

Minimal Disinfection Standards

Question 5

A 5% index is usually sufficient to deal with most embalming problems on primary dilutions.

Answer 5

Extreme Cases

Question 6

The temperature of ordinary tap water procedures hghly desirable results in the vast majority of cases, 60^oF. Ice Cold water seems to be best for encouraging good drainage.

Answer 6

Temperature of Injection

Question 7

Never inject a _____ body with hot water because liquid blood drainage will coagulate causing the body to swell severely. Hot water will not help the body to thaw out. Let the body thaw naturally or use cold water to thaw.

Answer 7

Frozen

Question 8

Heat acts as a catalyst to liberate HCHO gas rapidly; the end result is rapid firmness of tissue but only in confined areas near the point of injection.

Answer 8

Hot Water Embalming

Question 9

• In cases where advanced decomposition is obvious (head freeze)
• Note: Burke does not agree with the 2 reasons below:
• Where drainage is minimal or non-existent and the embalmer anticipates at least eight points of injection.
• When the embalmer anticipates hypodermically injecting areas that he/she would normally be able to inject, attempt a hot water injection first.

Answer 9

Utilizing Hot Water Embalming

Question 10

1. Hot water will release fumes in the air and increase HCHO exposure to the embalmer.
2. Hot water embalming will coagulate blood
3. Hot water embalming only works for short distances.

Answer 10

Danger: Hot Water Embalming

Question 11

Ideal presur in any case is that pressure which will overcome vascular resistance and cause a moderate uniform movement of the arterial fluid solution from the injector (machine) into the vascular system and ultimately into tissue cells.

Answer 11

Pressure of Injection

Question 12

At the point of injection exclusive of back pressure for resistance in the vascular system.

Answer 12

Maximum Pressure

Question 13

Where the arterial tube enters the artery.

Answer 13

Point of Injection

Question 14

A cloudiness resulting from the presence of suspended particles in water. Objectionable in water used to dilute embalming fluids. The size of the particles may be such that in aggregation, they can block capillaries and restrict fluid distribution and tissue preservation.

• i.e.- old embalming fluids

Answer 14

Turbidity

Question 15

A solution that is slightly ______ to the blood and body liquids produces the best embalming results in water with a pH of 7.4.

Answer 15

Hypotonic

Question 16

The study of the toxic or harmful effects of chemicals on the body; it deals with the symptoms and treatment of poisoning as well as the identification of the poison.

Answer 16

Toxicology

Question 17

Any chemical absorbed into the body tissues having harmful or fatal potential.

Answer 17

Toxin/Chemical

Question 18

A poisonous substance produced by certain microorganisms.

• Exotoxin
• Endotoxin

Answer 18

Toxin/Biological

Question 19

Extracellular toxin produced and released by bacterial cells as a normal physical process.

Answer 19

Exotoxin

Question 20

Intracellular toxin produced and retained by bacterial cells and released only by destruction or death to the cells.

Answer 20

Endotoxin

Question 21

Any substance that is injurious to health of causes death, either taken internally or applied externally.

Answer 21

Poison

Question 22

An agent that counteracts the effects of an ingested poison, either by inactivating it or by opposing its action following absorption.

Answer 22

Antidote

Question 23

• Methanol
• Formaldehyde
• Salts of heavy metal-illegal chemicals in most cases
• Ethyl ether- butoxyethanol
• Phenol
• Carbon tetrachloride- trichloroethylene
• Chloroform
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons- chlorine salts
• Acetone
• Benzene- toluene
• Examples of benzenes:
  
  • Dimethylbenzene
  • Paradichlorobenzene
  • Orthodochlorobenzene

Answer 23

Examples of Some Hazardous Chemicals

Question 24

Poisoning caused by the metals as:

• antimony,
• arsenic,
• bismuth,
• cadmium,
• copper,
• gold,
• lead,
• mercury,
• silver,
• and thallium

should not be used in embalming chemistry.

Answer 24

Salts of Heavy Metals

Question 25

Lethal dose: an abbreviation for the median dose of a toxin that will kill within a stated period of time 50% of the animals inoculated.

Answer 25

LD 50

Question 26

An abbreviation for minimal lethal dose. it is the minimum amount of toxin which when injected into a test animal will kill it in a specific amount of time.

Answer 26

MLD

Question 27

* Weight * Age * State of health * Physical state of the poison * Tolerance * Metabolic rate * Method of administration * Habituation (similar to tolerance)

Answer 27

Factors Influencing the Action of Poisons

Question 28

The process of forming a habit; especially the process of becoming addicted to a drug. The method by which the nervous system gradually reduces response to a repeated stimulus.

Answer 28

Habituation

Question 29

In the human body, will vary greatly from poison to poison as well as person to person. Certain poisons have an affinity for certain organs and tissues causing specific effect related directly to the specific organ affected. **The kidney and liver show signs of poisonings in most cases.**

Answer 29

Signs of Poisonings