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Animal Nutrition > Test 6 > Flashcards

Test 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most significant difference in feeding horses compared to other domestic livestock?

A

The purpose for which they are being used

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2
Q

Why is there very little experimental information on the nutritional needs of the horse?

A

Not a large enough industry to support research–it is broken down into many smaller segments.

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3
Q

What is the upper part of the GI tract in horses similar to?

A

Monogastric GI tract

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4
Q

What is at the lower end of the GI tract in horses?

A

Large fermentation organ– cecum

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5
Q

Where do ruminants ferment feed?

A

The beginning of the GI tract

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6
Q

Where do horses digest cellulose?

A

At the end of the GI tract

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7
Q

Ruminants and horses eat at different rates, what are the rates?

A

Ruminants eat rapidly and “store” in the rumen for leisurely rumination later
Horses must eat more slowly to not force feed through GI tract too rapidly (before digestion is complete)

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8
Q

Why is forcing feed through the GI tract of horses too quickly a problem?

A

It can cause undigested feed to enter the cecum and starch residues will be fermented rapidly causing excessive gas production

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9
Q

What type of digestive system does a horse have?

A

Nonruminant herbivore

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10
Q

What is hindgut fermentation primarily for?

A

Fibrous feeds

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11
Q

What are the principal microbial inhabitants of the equine gut similar to?

A

Rumen of ruminant animals

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12
Q

What does fermentation result in the production of?

A

CO2
CH4
VFA

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13
Q

Is methane production less in the hindgut or the rumen?

A

Hindgut

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14
Q

How much of the total energy intake is methane production equivalent to?

A

Less than 3%

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15
Q

Where are VFAs readily absorbed?

A

Hindgut

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16
Q

How much energy utilized comes from VFAs?

A

30% or more

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17
Q

Other than VFAs, what can also result in a significant amount of glucose production?

A

Propionate

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18
Q

Why is fiber not utilized by a horse as efficiently as cattle?

A

They have a faster rate of passage and the microflora do not have as much time to digest the fiber

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19
Q

What does bacteria in the hindgut produce?

A

Protein and water soluble vitamins

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20
Q

What is coprophagy?

A

Process of eating feces

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21
Q

What does proper feeding do?

A

Reduce the incidence of colic and other digestive problems

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22
Q

The horse is a grazing animal, so when does it perform optimally?

A

When a slow, steady supply of fermentable material is allowed for the microflora

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23
Q

Research has shown that feeding how many times a day is best?

A

Several times a day

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24
Q

Research showed that on a high energy, low fiber diet and fed twice a day, what happened to microbial activity and the horse?

A

Microbial activity was adversely influences and predisposed the horse to more digestive disturbances

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25
Q

How many feedings per day are recommended?

A

3 or more

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26
Q

What can influence microbial activity?

A

Dietary ingredients

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27
Q

What does high starch or grain intake decrease?

A

Relative amount of acetate production

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28
Q

What does high starch or grain intake increase?

A

Relative amount of propionate

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29
Q

Why should dietary changes be made gradually?

A

For proper microbial changes to occur

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30
Q

What can abrupt changes in the horses diet alter or kill? (3)

A

Alter microbial population
Alter intestinal pH
Kill certain types of bacteria

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31
Q

What does killing certain types of bacteria when abrupt changes in the diet occur lead to?

A

Endotoxin release

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32
Q

What is endotoxin one of the causes of?

A

Founder/laminitis

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33
Q

What should forage be fed at in order to maintain proper microbial activity?

A

1 pound of dry matter per 100 pounds of body weight

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34
Q

What are the units when calculating normal requirements?

A

Mcal/d

BW and ADG in kg

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35
Q

What is the equation to figure maintenance requirements?

A

1.4 + 0.03BW

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36
Q

What is the equation to figure weanlings requirements?

A

1.4 + 0.03BW + 9ADG

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37
Q

What is the equation to figure yearlings requirements?

A

1.4 + 0.03BW + 16ADG

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38
Q

What is the equation to figure long yearlings requirements?

A

1.4 + 0.03BW + 18ADG

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39
Q

What is the equation to figure 2 year olds requirements?

A

1.4 + 0.03BW + 20ADG

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40
Q

What does energy for work depend on? (3)

A

Type of work
Speed of work
Terrain over which the work is done

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41
Q

What does a protein deficiency result in?

A

Reduced appetite

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42
Q

Where does microbial synthesis occur?

A

At the end of the GI tract after absorption of amino acids

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43
Q

What type of protein is recommended?

A

High quality

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44
Q

What do mineral deficiencies result in?

A

Weakened bones and leg problems

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45
Q

What are 3 things that are important to know about Ca and P?

A

Adequate amounts are needed
Suitable ration between the 2 is needed
Vit. D must be available

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46
Q

When is Vit. A supplementation advisable?

A

When feeds are low in carotene, especially in the winter

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47
Q

When is a lack of Vit. D a problem?

A

When a horse is confined to a stable for most of the day

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48
Q

When you supplement Vit. A, how much of Vit. D should you supplement?

A

10 to 15%

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49
Q

What does research say about Vit. E and Se?

A

They can assist in “tying up” in intensively trained animals

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50
Q

When you supplement Vit. A, how much of Vit. E should you supplement?

A

1%

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51
Q

For mature non working horses, what satisfies the needs of the animals?

A

Microbial synthesis and subsequent absorption in the large intestine

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52
Q

Producing horse may require a supplement of what vitamin?

A

B

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53
Q

How much forage should be fed?

A

1 to 2% of body weight

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54
Q

What type of forage can cause colic?

A

Moldy or dusty hay

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55
Q

What makes excellent hay for horses? (4)

A

Bromegrass
Orchardgrass
Timothy-grass
Bremudagrass

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56
Q

What hays are difficult to cure?

A

Legume

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57
Q

What type of forage could a horse overeat? Why is this bad?

A

Alfalfa

Alfalfa has a laxative effect

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58
Q

Why are pastures a good thing?

A

Exercise

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59
Q

What needs to be done on pastures? Why?

A

Management strategies

Horses are selective grazers

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60
Q

What are good forage alternatives? (6)

A 
Straw
Cottonseed hulls
Peanut hulls
Rice mill feed
High cellulose paper
Beet pulp (most common)
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61
Q

Why is beet pulp the most common forage alternative? (3)

A

Maintains normal intestinal activity and microflora
Fiber is highly digestible
Dust free

62
Q

What is the disadvantage to beet pulp?

A

Low in some minerals and vitamins

63
Q

What is the most popular form of grains?

A

Oats

64
Q

Why are oats rolled?

A

Starch is more available

65
Q

How is corn widely used?

A

By mixing with oats

66
Q

How should corn be fed?

A

Cracked, coarsely ground, or rolled

67
Q

Where is barley primarily found?

A

In areas where there is dry-land farming

68
Q

Why should barley be rolled or cracked?

A

Because of hard kernel

69
Q

What is wheat bran rich in?

A

Minerals, vitamins, and proteins

70
Q

Why is wheat bran valuable in horse rations?

A

Because of its bulk, palatability, nutritive value, and mild laxative action

71
Q

How much wheat bran should be added to the diet?

A

5 to 15%

72
Q

What type of feeding method is linseed meal preferred in? Why?

A

Pelleting

Can be dusty

73
Q

What is linseed meal inferior to when compared to SBM?

A

Amino acid composition

74
Q

What is the primary source for animal feeds?

A

SBM

75
Q

At what ration can SBM be substituted for LSM?

A

1:1

76
Q

When is milk protein incorporated in the diet?

A

In creep feed or weaning diet

77
Q

What are the benefits to cane molasses? (3)

A

Sweetens feed
Increase palatability and intake
Decreases dust

78
Q

How much molasses should be added?

A

5 to 10% of the diet

79
Q

What are the benefits to dehydrated alfalfa meal? (2)

A

Good source of vitamins, minerals, and proteins

Best substitute for green pasture during winter

80
Q

How much dehydrate alfalfa should be added?

A

5 to 10% of the diet

81
Q

Why are fats and oils added to diets?

A

Increase energy

82
Q

What oils are more palatable than animal fat?

A

Vegetable oils

83
Q

What do fats and oils supply?

A

Linoleic acid

84
Q

What do fat and oils reduce? Increase?

A

Dustiness

Bloom

85
Q

How much fat and oil should be added?

A

5 to 10% of the diet

86
Q

Who is complete feed formulated and mixed by?

A

Manufacturer

87
Q

How is complete feed fed to a horse?

A

Pelleted, cubed, or wafers

88
Q

When is complete feed most commonly used?

A

When 1 or 2 horses are owned

89
Q

What does complete feed typically contain? (5)

A 
12 to 14% crude protein
Roughage
Concentrate
Supplemental vitamins
Minerals
90
Q

Why is pelleted feed beneficial?

A

Reduces sorting of protein, minerals, etc.

91
Q

What should pellets contain? Why?

A

60-70% coarsely ground hay

Prevent colic

92
Q

Why are small amounts of unprocessed hay beneficial in pelleted feed?

A

Prevent wood chewing or mane and tail chewing

93
Q

What is the mixture of concentrate like? (3)

A

Ground mixed grains
Supplemental protein
Minerals

94
Q

What is the crude protein amount in concentrate?

A

14-15%

95
Q

What is protein supplement used to supplement?

A

Hay and grain

96
Q

What is the protein content?

A

25% with directions to add 0.5 to 0.75 pound to the grain and hay

97
Q

What is sweet feed a mixture of?

A

Low-grade roughage and molasses

98
Q

What does sweet feed do for a diet?

A

Add a pleasant aroma

99
Q

What are 8 concentrates widely used for horses?

A 
Oats
Corn
Barley
Grain sorghum
Wheat bran
Linseed meal
Soybean meal
Cottonseed meal
100
Q

If hay and concentrates are ground and mixed together, how should a horse be fed?

A

Hand fed rather than self fed

101
Q

Why can a horse not be self fed when mixing hay and concentrates?

A

They may overeat which will cause colic

102
Q

How many times a day should a horse be hand fed when mixing hay and concentrates?

A

2 or 3 times a day

103
Q

What does pelleting destroy the value of? What happens to the horse?

A

Roughage

Predisposes them to colic

104
Q

What is a good alternative to pelleting?

A

Course grinding

105
Q

What does course grinding do to horses teeth?

A

Reduce wear

106
Q

How can you reduce dustiness?

A

Add 3 to 5%molasses or dampen feed with water at time of feeding

107
Q

What is the problem with silage and haylage?

A

Frequently have mold which can cause colic

108
Q

What is a general rule about replacing hay?

A

No more than 1/3 to 1/2 should be replaced

109
Q

How much should grain allowances be reduced on non-work days? Why?

A

By about 50%

Avoid azoturia

110
Q

What do working or performing horses need extra of?

A

Nutrients

111
Q

What do you feed open mares and geldings based on?

A

Size and activity

112
Q

Look at chart on page 149

A

Look at chart on page 149

113
Q

If you want 0.6 lb. of grain, how much hay would you take out?

A

1 lb.

114
Q

What should be provided to open mares and geldings on a free-choice basis? (2)

A

Mineral mixture

A source of plain, loose salt

115
Q

What should be in a mineral mixture? (2)

A

1 part trace mineralized salt

2 part defluorinated phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, or steamed bonemeal

116
Q

What does a source of plain, loose salt make possible for horses?

A

Replace salt lost from perspiration without forcing them to consume unneeded calcium, phosphorus, and trace minerals

117
Q

During the first 8 months of gestation how much should a pregnant mare be fed?

A

The same “adequate” diet as open mares

118
Q

During the last 3 months of gestation, what alterations should be made? (3)

A

Increase protein by 20-25%
Increase energy by 5-10%
Double Vit. A

119
Q

What happens to Ca and P needs in the last 90 days of gestation? How should they be provided?

A

Needs are doubled

Provided free choice in a complete mineral mix

120
Q

During lactation, what should you ensure that the mare has?

A

Good quality hay–50% preferably from legume

121
Q

How much hay should be given to a mare during lactation?

A

About 1% of body weight

122
Q

How much grain should be given to a mare during lactation?

A

About 1% of body weight

123
Q

If protein is needed, what ratio should you substitute the protein meal at for the grain mix to meet protein needs?

A

1:1

124
Q

How much of trace mineralized salt should be added in the daily grain mix for a lactating mare?

A

0.1 pound

125
Q

If a mare is milking normally, what does she provide to the foal for the first 3 to 4 months?

A

Adequate nutrients

126
Q

When can foals be effectively creep fed?

A

Starting at 2 to 3 weeks of age

127
Q

The grain mixture can be offered to a foal in increasing amount with small amounts of hay until when?

A

It is receiving 0.75 to 1 pound daily per 100 pounds of BW at weaning

128
Q

What is the typical concentrate mixture for foals? (9)

A 
40% rolled oats
20% cracked corn
15% SBM
10% wheat bran
10% alfalfa meal
3.5% molasses
0.5% limestone
0.5% defluorinated phosphate
0.5% trace mineralized salt
129
Q

What should better quality feeds be reserved for?

A

Younger animals

130
Q

What are they symptoms for colic? (3)

A

Acute abdominal pain
Sweating
Kicking and rolling

131
Q

What is the etiology of colic? (4)

A

Excessive gas production
Impaction
Poor management
Overfeeding, irregular feeding, watering, etc.

132
Q

How can you prevent colic?

A

Proper management

133
Q

What is the treatment for colic? (4)

A

Gastric tube to relieve stomach problem
Mild impactions dispersed with mineral oil
MgSO4 acts as osmotic purative
Surgery

134
Q

What are the symptoms for laminitis? (4)

A

Lameness
Inflammation of the laminae
Acute= visibly sick, sweating, hoof is hot
Chronic= Deep vertical cracks in hoof and heavy horizontal ridging; hoof is dry and brittle

135
Q

What is the etiology of laminitis? (3)

A

Ingestion of excessive CHOs
Excessive exercise in unfit horse
Ischemia in the hoof

136
Q

How can you prevent laminitis? (2)

A

Adequate ration

Good management

137
Q

How can you treat laminitis?

A

Oral administration of 1 gallon mineral oil

Temperature (cold or hot packs) early

138
Q

What are they symptoms for azoturia? (4)

A

Excessive sweating
Rapid pulse
Stiffness in gait
Myoglobinuria

139
Q

What is the etiology for azoturia?

A

Unknown, but related to total feed energy

140
Q

How can you prevent azoturia? (2)

A

Exercise routinely

Reduce feed when idle

141
Q

What is the treatment for azoturia? (2)

A

Keep as quiet as possible

Selenium and Vit. e appear to give favorable results

142
Q

What are the symptoms for heaves? (2)

A

Coughing and difficult breathing

Rapid inspiration and forced expiration

143
Q

What is the etiology for heaves?

A

Dusty, moldy hays

Over-distended alveoli

144
Q

How can you prevent heaves?

A

Good, clean feed

145
Q

What is the treatment like for heaves?

A

Palliative

146
Q

What are the symptoms for rickets?

A

Enlargement of the ends of long bones

147
Q

What is the etiology for rickets?

A

Ca, P, and/or Vit. D imbalance

148
Q

What is the prevention and treatment for rickets?

A

Proper amounts of Ca and P

149
Q

What are the symptoms for urinary calculi? (2)

A

Frequent attempts to urinate

Urine may be bloody

150
Q

What is the etiology for urinary calculi? (2)

A

Unknown

Urine is characteristically alkaline

151
Q

How can you prevent urinary calculi?

A

Proper mineral nutrition

152
Q

How can you treat urinary calculi?

A

Surgery

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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