Test yourself: Development

Question 1

What can you say about the History of IS Development?

Answer 1

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Question 2

What can you say about Prototyping?

Answer 2

Prototyping an information system is a four-step procedure.

1. Identify the User’s Basic Information Requirements
2. Develop a Working Prototype
3. Implement and Use the Prototype System
4. Revise and Enhance the Prototype System (Iterations)

Prototyping is an approach for establishing a systems requirements definition which is characterized by a high degree of iteration, by a very high degree of user participation in the development process and by an extensive use of prototypes. (Fitzgerald)

Question 3

What can you say about Rapid Application Development (RAD)?

Answer 3

• RAD is a recent information systems development method
• Noted for its high levels of user involvement and use of iterative prototyping.
• Rapid = Hurtig
• Normal project length: 2-6 months
• Prototyping and RAD are using a lot of the same elements
• The application is always complete but never totally finished.

The traditional development paradigm does not
respond well to increased complexity and uncertainty, but RAD does.

Question 4

What can you say about SCRUM?

Answer 4

Agile method
Artefacts: Product backlog, Sprint backlog and Sprint burndown chart.
Roles: Development team, Product Owner and Scrum Master.
Events: Sprint planning, sprint, sprint review, sprint retrospective

Question 5

What can you say about Extreme Programming?

Answer 5

Extreme Programming is blending the activities, from the Waterfall model and the iterative Spiral model, together and taking them a little at af time (and turning them sideways), throughout the entire software development process.
XP have the analysis phase all the way through the project because: You can’t program until you know what to program

XP Practices:

• Planning Game
• Small releases
• Metaphor
• Simple design
• Tests
• Refactoring
• Pair programming
• Continous integration
• Collective ownership
• On-site customer
• 40-hours weeks
• Open workspace
• Just rules

Question 6

What can you say about The Rational Unified Process (RUP)?

Answer 6

Using Unified Model Language (UML)

It is an iterative development method.
Six best practices for modern software engineering:

• Develop iteratively, with risk as the primary iteration driver (Important to notice!)
• Manage requirements
• Employ a component-based architecture
• Model software visually
• Continuously verify quality
• Control changes (important to notice!)

It is the method with the 9 workflows and the four steps in a diagram with a lot of colors showing when the workflows occurs in the fours steps in a development process.

Question 7

What can you say about Method Tailoring?

Answer 7

In practice developers rarely follow the sequence of steps as prescribed in the method. As a consequence, newer versions of existing methods now almost routinely recommend some contingent tailoring.
The Contingency Approach is one aspect of mathod thailoring.

Question 8

What can you say about Contingency Models

Answer 8

Is where a structure is presented but stages, phases, tools, techniques, and so on, are expected to be used or not (or used and adapted), depending on the situation => the choices are context dependent (project size, importantsness etc.)
(Avison et Fitzgerald, 2006)

Question 9

What can you say about Sociomateriality?

Answer 9

A conception of materiality as integral to human activities and relations, and thus as better understood in terms of sociomateriality.

Highlights:

• Avoid using the word ‘technology’ in a context where a more precise word can be used.
• Materiality is not only the materials used, but also the shape and properties.
• Sociomateriality describes the combination of materiality and the social context in which the materiality exists.
• The Socio-Technical System describes the relationship between the social subsystem and the technical subsystem.
• To ensure the best outcome, an organization should strive for jointly optimizing both the social subsystem and the technical subsystem. A change in one of the systems would inevitably have an impact on the other.

Sociomateriality can be seen in two ways: explains the social actions and intents of a person or as an artifact of materiality

Question 10

What can you say about Complexity Theory?

Answer 10

Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS)
Complexity theory deals with the dynamic and changing enviroment.
Complexity is multidimensional; technology implications and enviromental challenges that is out of the developers control.
Determination of requirements is the single hardest tasks in ISD.
The issue is that you develop at static system to a dynamic enviroment.

Question 11

What can you say about IT-sourcing?

Answer 11

To factors: knowledge capabilities and capacity

Question 12

What can you say about Distributed Development?

Answer 12

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Question 13

What can you say about Cloud-Technologies?

Answer 13

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Question 14

What can you say about Boundary Objects?

Answer 14

According to lecture 1, it can be models?

Wikipedia: In sociology, a boundary object is information, such as specimens, field notes, and maps, used in different ways by different communities. Boundary objects are plastic, interpreted differently across communities but with enough immutable content to maintain integrity.

Noget man bruger (såsom modeller) for at få folk til at forstå hinanden.
You are learning to talk to ”technology people”, to use boundary objects (such as models) to build a common understanding.

Question 15

What can you say about Requirements Analysis and Modeling?

Answer 15

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Question 16

What can you say about Hidden Agendas and Political process in ISD?

Answer 16

Describe the taxonomy of political processes in ISD and include the three distinct processes:
Tug of war: Two parties strive to gain control of the project. The project is seen as a prize for which the proponent and the non-proponent compete.
Empire building: In Empire building the project is seen as an instrument for the proponent to gain higher power or other benefits in the company.
Obstacle race: In Obstacle race the project is perceived as a threat to the non-proponent and he or they will attempt to sabotage/delay the project.

Question 17

What can you say about Basic Database design and modeling?

Answer 17

The entity relationship model is a semantic data model.
Semantic data models show the specific data structure of an organisation. They are used to document and communicate. They need to be applied to an abstract data model or a database language

Question 18

What can you say about IS development business models?

Answer 18

• The service model
   Third-party service providers (100%)
   Software producers (partly, often 25-50% of revenue)
   Distributors (partly, often more than 50% of revenue)
   Offer training, support, implementation assistance, operations (ASP, Cloud, ….)
• The value added distribution model
   Distributors: selling standard version of existing products together with a well-defined set of services typically at a yearly subscription fee. The double license (commercial OS license) model

- Software Producers: revenue from a commercial “professional edition” of the OSS product
Software producers (commercial) supporting particular OSS products
 IBM supporting Linux, Eclipse. Oracle (Sun) supporting OpenOffice, Java, ….
 Microsoft supporting Drupal (CMS), SAP supporting MySQL, Eclipse, …
 … in some cases selling and making profit on “derived products”

Question 19

What can you say about Open Source Software?

Answer 19

Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.[1] Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner.

see slides 5-10 for very complex definition with criterias for qualifying for open source software

Question 20

What can you say about Licensing and re-distribution?

Answer 20

Common licensing models: Packaged Perpetual trial, server(per cpu), network-based, subscription-based, utility-based.

Question 21

What can you say about the Fitzgerald Framework?

Answer 21

It is a Framework for ISD Method Use.

Formalized method: Any formally described method
(May be basis of the Method-in-action)

Roles of Method: Rational and Political
(Justifies and influence the method-in-action)

Development Context: Complex and dynamic business context of ISD
(Shapes the method-in-action and analyse the Developer)

Developers: Everybody involved in the ISD
(Analyse the Development Context, enact the method-in-action and develop the information processing system)

Information processing system: The system that is developed - incl technological aspects of ISD
(Is being developed by the developers)

Method in action: All this (The whole model) shapes how methods are actually used in practice

Question 22

Mention the four values in the Agile Manifesto:

Answer 22

• Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
• Working software over comprehensive documentation
• Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
• Responding to change over following a plan

Question 23

What can you say about Ambidexterity?

Answer 23

The idea of ambidexterity in organizations recognizes that demands in task environments are always to some degree in conflict and so there are always trade-offs to be made.

We define software process ambidexterity as the ability of a software development project team to pursue process designs that simultaneously facilitate both control and flexibility.

Question 24

What can you say about the Waterfall Model?

Answer 24

Five phases:

1. Requirements/Analysis
2. Design
3. Implementation
4. Verification
5. Maintenance

Problems:
- Approach too simple
- Concentration on single application (no strategy/landscape architecture)
- Focus on computers not design (no integration of user perspective)
-  Instability (everything is based on earlier stages, late changes are impossible)
-  Inflexibility
-  User dissatisfaction (too much focus on technology, no documentation)
 Etc.

- Conclusion
- Gives rudimentary structure and discipline
- Not usable for complex system projects with many interfaces to other software/landscape
- Not good for unclear specifications -> little flexibility, changes only hard to implement

Question 25

What can you say about agile methods?

Answer 25

“Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan” (Beck et al., 2001)