The Skull

Question 1

 Most important, complex, and specialized part of the skeleton
 Lodges the brain, and houses the sense organs for hearing, equilibrium, sight, smell, and taste.
 Provides attachment for the teeth, tongue, larynx, and a host of muscles

Answer 1

Skull/Cranium

Question 2

the skull Contains _____ (the master endocrine gland)

Answer 2

Hypothalamus

Question 3

◦ Sight hounds
◦ Wolf’s cranium elongated
◦ Narrow, long snout

Answer 3

Dolichocephalic

Question 4

◦ Scent hounds and pointers
◦ Wolf’s skull shortened with broader snouts to accommodate larger nasal chambers

Answer 4

Mesocephalic

Question 5

• Boxers, “bully breeds”, Cavalier, Pug
• Short, compact skulls that often lead to health problems

Answer 5

Brachycephalic

Question 6

*brachycephalic skull health problems

with shorter skulls, the ___ folds over itself around the eyes and nose which trap moisture and lead to bacteria growth

Answer 6

Skin

Question 7

*brachycephalic skull health problems

a flat skull causes the ___ sockets to become shallow, which leads to the ___ protruding. The cornea is more exposed, causing it to become dry and more likely to become damaged

Answer 7

Eyes

Question 8

*brachycephalic skull health problems

◦ Brachycephalic Upper Airway Obstructive Syndrome (BUAOS)

Answer 8

Respiratory

Question 9

*brachycephalic skull health problems

◦ fluid-filled cavities develop within the spinal cord near the brain

Answer 9

Syringomyelia (SM) / “neck scratcher’s
disease”

Question 10

• the pressure created by the abnormal flow of CSF is believed to create the SM cavities (syrinx) in the spinal cord
• Incredibly painful disease
• Up to 95% of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels affected by the mutation; over 50% have SM

Answer 10

Syringomyelia

Question 11

• “underbite” or “undershot jaw”
• lower jaw, normal length but upper jaw is too short
  looses self cleaning ability and trap plaque and debris
• maxilliary incisors can traumatize the mandible
• normally seen in brachycephalic breeds

Answer 11

Mandibular prognathism

Question 12

• “overshot”, “overbite”, “parrot mouth”
• not common
• mandible is shorter than normal
• lacks self cleaning ability, creates painful hard palate abrasion holes
• not accepted standard in dog breeds
• often seen in german shpehard dogs

Answer 12

Mandibular brachygnathism

Question 13

Skull (3)

Answer 13

 Braincase / Calvaria
 Facial
 Mandible

Question 14

◦ Parietal Bone
◦ Frontal Bone
◦ Sagittal crest
◦ Temporal lines
◦ Nuchal crest
◦ Temporal fossa

Answer 14

Braincase

Question 15

median ridge formed by the parietal
and interparietal bones

Answer 15

Sagittal crest

Question 16

in brachycephalic breeds, as
replacement of sagittal crest

Answer 16

Temporal lines

Question 17

transverse ridge that marks the transition between the dorsal and caudal surfaces of the skull

Answer 17

Nuchal crest

Question 18

◦ Formed by parts of the frontal, nasal, maxillary, and
incisive bones
◦ Maxillary
◦ Incisive bone
◦ Nasal aperture

Answer 18

Facial bones

Question 19

contains upper cheek teeth

Answer 19

Maxillary

Question 20

bears the 3 incisive teeth

Answer 20

Incisive bone

Question 21

circular in brachycephalic breeds,
oval in dolichocephalic breeds

Answer 21

Nasal aperture

Question 22

Lateral surfaces of the skull (6)

Answer 22

 Braincase
 Facial Bones
 Caudal palatine foramen
 Sphenopalatine foramen
 Infraorbital foramen
 Alveolar juga

Question 23

optic nerve

Answer 23

Optic canal

Question 24

oculomotor, trochlear, adbucent,
and opthalmic nerves

Answer 24

Orbital fissure

Question 25

maxillary artery & maxillary nerve

Answer 25

Rostral alar foramen

Question 26

Ventral surface of the skull (2)

Answer 26

 Braincase  Facial bones

Question 27

Caudal surface of the skull (3)

Answer 27

 Nuchal crest  External occipital protuberence  Foramen magnum

Question 28

(perpendicular part)

Answer 28

Ramus

Question 29

–alveoli for the roots of the teeth

Answer 29

Alveolar border

Question 30

 Body (horizontal part)  Ramus (perpendicular part)  Alveolar border  Masseteric fossa  Coronoid process  Mandibular foramen  3 mental foramina  Condylar process  Mandibular notch  Angular process

Answer 30

Mandible

Question 31

 Composed of hyoid bones which stabilize the tongue and the larynx

Answer 31

Hyoid apparatus

Question 32

largest cheek tooth in maxilla

Answer 32

4th premolar

Question 33

largest cheek tooth in mandible

Answer 33

1st molar

Question 34

Dentition is complete by ___ months

Answer 34

6 - 7 mos.

Question 35

outer surface of the teeth

Answer 35

Vestibular surface

Question 36

inner surface of the teeth

Answer 36

Lingual surface

Question 37

sides that lie in contact with an adjacent tooth

Answer 37

Contact surfaces

Question 38

faces the opposite dental arch

Answer 38

Occlusal/masticating surfaces

Question 39

the numerous foramina in the ___ __ transmit blood vessels and olfactory nerves from the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain.

Answer 39

Cribriform plate

Question 40

contains hypophysis

Answer 40

Sella turcica