How does one Prepare a Lesson?
- Determine the objectives (performance-based or decision-based)
- Determine the material/goals/completion standards
- Include homework or preparation required of the student
- Determine all necessary supplies/material/equipment
- Reference syllabus and course of training objectives
What are the two types of Objectives used to prepare a lesson?
Performance-based objectives - What to do, how it is performed, etc.
Decision-based objectives - Involves critical thinking skills like risk management and aeronautical decision making (ADM)
What is a Performance-based Objective?
Performance-based objectives detail what to do, how it is performed, how it will be measured or evaluated, etc.
What is a Decision-based Objective?
Decision-based objectives involve critical thinking skills such as risk management and aeronautical decision making (ADM), etc.
What are the factors to consider in Developing a Training Syllabus?
- The Training Syllabus must be flexible and used primarily as a guide
- The order of training must be tailored to suit the progress of the student
- Blocks of learning should be completed in the most efficient order possible
- The Training Syllabus should be brief yet comprehensive enough to cover the essential material
Lesson Plans should be the following:
- Written (no “mental” outlines)
- Contain the proper selection of material (removed of unimportant details)
- Ensure due consideration is given to each part of the lesson
- Aid the instructor in presenting in an efficient and logical manner
- Relate the lesson to the course objectives
- Provide confidence to the inexperienced instructor
- Promote uniform/consistent instruction
What are the seven Characteristics of a good Lesson Plan?
- Unity (each lesson is a unified segment of instruction)
- Content (each lesson contains new material that relates to past lessons)
- Scope (must be resonable as a student can only master a few skills at a time)
- Practicality (should be planned in accordance with current conditions for training)
- Flexibility (should have room for “add ons” or altercations)
- Relation to the course of training (clear to the student for each lesson)
- Instructional steps (PPAR - Preparation, Presentation, Application, Review and evaluation)
What are the four Instructional Steps?
PPAR
- Preparation
- Presentation
- Application
- Review and evaluation
What are the three parts use in the Organization of Material?
- Introduction
- Development
- Conclusion
What are the the parts of an Introduction to a lesson plan?
Attention - Applicable story, joke or video used to capture the student’s attention
Motivation - Offers specific reasons why the lesson is important and how it benefits the student
Overview - A clear, concise presentation of objectives to be covered in the lesson
What are the four ways of organizing the Development of a lesson plan?
Past to Present - Suitable when history is important, include examples
Simple to Complex - Less information at first is more easily observed
Known to Unknown - Use existing knowledge to learn new subjects (rectangular course to traffic pattern)
Most Frequently Used to Least Used - Teach the most basic/common subjects first
What are the three ways to organize the Conclusion of a lesson plan?
- Review important elements of the lesson
- Relating the lesson to the objectives reinforces learning and inproves retention
- Avoid introducing new ideas in the conclusion to avoid confusion
What are the five Training Delivery Methods?
- Lecture Method
- Guided Discussion Method
- Computer-assisted Method
- Demonstration-performance Method
- Drill and Practice Method
What are the four types of Lectures?
Illustrated Talk - Speaker uses visual aids to help convey the information
Briefing - Speaker provides short concise facts
Formal - Speaker’s purpose is to inform persuade or entertain
Informal - Speaker involves student participation in a relaxed atmosphere
How is the Lecture Method best used?
- Primarily to introduce new ideas
- To summarize new ideas
- To show relationships between theory and practice
- To reemphasize main points of a lesson
What are the disadvantages of the Lecture Method?
- Least useful method for evaluation of student performance
- Instructor doesn’t receive feedback in words or actions from students
What is the Guided Discussion Method?
The Guided Discussion Method is used to draw out what the students know with the skillful use of questions
What are the three parts of the Guided Discussion Method?
Introduction - Identify key points and encourage student ideas and participation
Discussion - A lead-off question used to generate discussion and follow up questions used to guide and keep the discussion on topic
Conclusion - Summary of what was covered, tying up relationships between discussion topics, facts and the practical application of those facts
What are the six characteristics of Effective Questions used in Guided Discussions?
- Has a specific purpose
- Is clear in meaning
- Contains a single idea
- Stimulates thought
- Requires definite answers
- Relates to previously covered information
What is Computer-assisted Learning?
- PC based
- Students can learn at a rate comfortable to them
- Students can use test prep and practice tests to study for knowledge tests
- Includes flight simulators, flight training devices (FTDs) and aviation training devices (ATDs)
What are the five steps in the Demonstration-performance Method?
Explanation (instructor) - Must clearly explain the objectives, taking into account the students knowledge/experience
Demonstration (instructor) - Shows the actions necessary to achieve the desired outcome/result
Student Performance - Students “act and do”, learning to follow correct procedures
Instructor Supervision - Observing and coaching student as necessary
Evaluation (instructor) - Judges student performance based on competency attained while performing. Also determines the effectiveness of the instruction
What is the Drill and Practice Method?
- Practice needs to be directed toward a learning obective
- Promotes learning through repetition
- Every time practice occurs learning continues
What is Problem-based Learning (PBL)?
Lessons are structured in such a way as to confront students with problems encountered in real life in a way that force them to reach real world solutions
- Promotes aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) and problem solving skills
- Scenario-based training (SBT) is a form of Problem-based Learning (PBL)
What are Instructional Aids?
- Instructional aids support, supplement and reinforve what is being taught
- Good instructional aids can help solve language barrier issues
