Topic 3- Bonding Part 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Topic 3- Bonding Part 2 Deck (10)
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1
Q

What is the definition of electronegativity?

What is the scale called to measure electronegativity?

What is highest on this scale and ignoring what gases?

What are the four most electronegative elements?

Why is nuclear charge a factor affecting electronegativity?

Why is atomic radius a factor affecting electronegativity?

Why is shielding a factor affecting electronegativity (full explanation)?

What aren’t all molecules containing polar bonds?

What is “cancel each other” dipoles?

What is “net dipole” dipoles?

A

The power of an atom to attract the electrons in a covalent bond to itself

The pauling scale

Fluorine is the highest on the pauling scale (ignoring the noble gases)

Nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine

More protons, stronger attraction between nucleus and bonding pair of electrons

Closer to the nucleus, stronger attraction between nucleus and bonding pair of electrons

Fewer shells of electrons between the nucleus and the electrons, less shielding (less repulsion), stronger attraction between molecules and bonding pair of electrons

Not all molecules containing polar bonds are polar overall

If bond dipoles “cancel each other” the molecule isn’t polar

If there is a “net dipole” the molecule will be polar.

2
Q

What do macromolecular structures have?

How many bonds does diamond have?

What are the four properties of diamond?

How many bonds does graphite have?

What are the five properties of graphite?

What happens to the lone pair of electrons in ammonia?

Why does the diffusion of NH4 OH / HCL reaction happen where it is?

A

A huge network of covalently bonded atoms

Diamond has four covalent bonds

  • Very high melting point
  • Very hard
  • Will not dissolve in any solvent
  • Does not conduct electricity

Graphite has three covalent bonds

  • Very high melting point
  • Layers “slide” apart
  • Low density but strong
  • Will not dissolve in any solvent
  • Does conduct electricity due to delocalised electrons

Lone pair of electrons have been donated by the N to the H+

Because HCL molecules are smaller and so it diffuses much quicker.

3
Q

What are intermolecular bonds and not?

What are the three types of intermolecular forces and give them in order of strength from weakest to strongest?

What is an examples of what these forces are responsible for?

What is the bonding like within molecules and between molecules?

What two groups are subject to weak attractive forces?

What two things is the result of electrons moving quickly in orbitals?

What possibility will therefore exist?

What will this then give rise to?

What does the dipole on one atom do?

What are atoms now attracted to each other by?

A

These are physical, rather than chemical forces

  • Van der Waals’ forces (induced dipole-dipole)
  • Permanent dipole-dipole forces
  • Hydrogen bonding

Melting point etc

Bonding within molecules is strong, that between molecules is weak

Molecules and monatomic noble gases

Their position is constantly changing, at any given instant they could be anywhere in an atom

That one side will have more electrons than the other

A dipole

The dipole on one atom induces dipoles on nearby atoms

A weak force.

4
Q

What two things does it mean the greater number of electrons?

What do permanent dipole-dipole forces occur between?

What do permanent dipole-dipole forces act in addition to?

What causes more energy must be put into separate molecules?

What happens to the boiling points for these molecules?

What are polar molecules?

What will polar molecules do?

What is hydrogen bonding an extension of?

When and how does hydrogen bonding occur?

What happens as a result of the small sizes of these molecules?

What does this do to the intermolecular attractions?

What does this then lead to?

A

The stronger the attraction and the greater the energy needed to separate the particles

Molecules containing polar bonds

Basic van der Waals’ forces

The extra attraction between dipoles

Higher boiling points than expected for a given mass

Molecules with permanent dipoles

Attract other molecules with permanent dipoles

Extension of dipole-dipole interaction

Between hydrogen and the three most electronegative elements (Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen- which are extremely polar)

The partial charges are concentrated in a small volume thus leading to a high charge density

Makes the intermolecular attractions greater

Leading to even higher boiling points than expected.

5
Q

What are the boiling points of hydrides like?

Why must there be an additional molecular force for NH3?

What will each pair of electrons around an atom do?

What do pairs of electrons therefore try to do?

What are the two types of electron pairs and give an example of each type?

What does the shape of molecules depend on?

What fits into a set of standard shapes?

What are all the bond pair- bond pair repulsions?

What must there be when drawing hydrogen bonding?

A

Not typical of the trend you would expect

NH3 has a higher boiling point than expected for its molecular mass

Will repel all other electron pairs

Try to be as far apart as possible

Shared pair (eg CH4) or a lone pair (eg NH3)

The number of paired electrons around a central atom

Molecules or ions possessing only bond pairs of electrons

All the bond pair- bond pair repulsions are equal

Must have at least two molecules.

6
Q

What is the bond angle and examples of the following shapes of molecules with lone (unshared) electron pairs:

Linear

Trigonal Planar

Tetrahedral

Trigonal Bipyramid

Octahedral

What is the bond angle and examples of the following shapes of ions with lone (unshared) electron pairs:

Tetrahedral

Triangular pyramid

V-shaped (bent)

Square Planar

A

180 degree angle, for instance beryllium chloride

120 degree angle, for instance boron trifluoride

109.5 degree angle, for instance methane and ammonium ion

120 and 90 degree angles, for instance phosphorous pentachloride

90 degree angle, for instance octahedral

109.5 degree angle, for instance methane

107 degree angle, for instance ammonia

104.5 degree angle, for instance water

90 degree angle, for instance chlorine tetrafluoride ion.

7
Q

What happens to the shapes of molecules/ions if they have lone pairs on the central atom?

Why is this?

What two things happen as a result of the extra repulsion?

In what order do the types of repulsion between electron pairs go (from lowest to highest of repulsion increasing)?

What is the definition of metallic bonding?

How do metal atoms achieve stability?

What do these electrons join up to form and what does this prevent?

Why is this?

What are giant structures of metallic bonding called?

What are the positive ions surrounded by in metallic bonding?

What does this mean by delocalised?

A

The shapes are slightly distorted away from the regular shapes

Because of the extra repulsion caused by the lone pairs

Bond angles tend to be slightly less as the bonds are squeezed together

  • Bonding pair- bonding pair
  • Lone pair- bonding pair
  • Lone pair- lone pair

Metallic bonding involves a lattice of positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons

By “off-loading” electrons to attain the electronic structure of the nearest noble gas

A mobile cloud which prevents the newly-formed positive ions from flying apart

Due to repulsion between similar charges

Giant Metallic Lattice

A “sea” of delocalised electrons

The electrons are floating around freely, not closely associated with anything else.

8
Q

How are the atoms arranged in metallic bonding?

What two things does metallic bond strength depend on?

What is the strength of metallic bonding like for the following metals and why:

Sodium

Potassium

Magnesium

What happens the greater the electron density?

What are metals excellent conductors of?

What must a substance have to conduct electricity?

What happens to the electrons because the electron cloud is mobile?

What are electrons attached to the positive end replaced by?

A

Atoms arrange in regular close packed 3-dimensional crystal lattice

The number of outer electrons donated to the cloud and the size of the metal atom/ion

Relatively weak because each atom donates one electron to the cloud

Weaker than in sodium because the resulting ion is larger and the electron cloud has a bigger volume to cover so is less effective at holding the ions together

Stronger than in sodium because each atom has donated two electrons to the cloud

Holds the ions together more strongly

Metals are excellent conductors of electricity

It must have mobile ions or electrons

The electrons are free to move throughout its structure

Those entering from the negative end.

9
Q

What does the mobile electron cloud in metallic bonding allow?

What can metals have done to their shapes?

What does malleable mean?

What does ductile mean?

What happens as the metal is beaten into another shape?

What can some metals (such as gold) have happened to them?

What is melting point a measure of?

What is melting point a measure of in metals?

What two factors does the ease of separation of ions depend on in metals?

A

The conduction of electricity

Metals can have their shapes changed relatively easily

Can be hammered into sheets

Can be drawn into rods and wires

The delocalised electron cloud continues to bind the “ions” together

Can be hammered into sheets thin enough to be translucent

How easy it is to separate individual particles

How strong the electron cloud holds the positive ions

  • Electron density of the cloud
  • Ionic/atomic size.
10
Q

What happens to melting point across the period?

Why does the electron cloud density increase?

What happens as a result?

What happens to melting point down the group?

What happens to ionic radius down the group?

What happens as the ions get bigger and so what does this result in?

A

Melting point increases across the period

Due to the greater number of electrons donated per atom

The ions are held more strongly

Melting point decreases down a group

Ionic radius increases down the group

The electron cloud becomes less effective holding them together so they are easier to separate.