1
Q
what plane does the axial skeleton occupy?
A
- median sagittal plane
- includes: skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
- unique to vertebrates
2
Q
what are the types of vertebrae and how many are there in each type?
A
- cervical (C) - 7
- thoracic (T) - 12
- lumbar (L) - 5
- sacral (S) - 5 (fused in adulthood)
- coccygeal (Co) - 3 - 5 (variably fused)
3
Q
primary curve in the thoracic vertebrae
A
kyphosis
- original curving in utero
- around 1 y/o (walking age) kyphosis develops into a secondary curve of lordosis
4
Q
secondary curve in the lumbar vertebrae
A
lordosis
5
Q
what are the soft tissue structures in the vertebral column?
A
- intervertebral discs
- anterior longitudinal ligament
- posterior longitudinal ligament
- ligamentum flavum
6
Q
what are the three primary centers of ossification?
A
- centrum
- right half of the neural arch
- left half of the neural arch
7
Q
what are the five secondary centers of ossification?
A
- ring-like apophyses on superior and inferior margins of the centrum
- tip of each of the transverse and spinous processes
8
Q
atlas
A
- C1
- bears the whole skull and articulates with the occipital at the occipital condyle - atlanto-occipital joint
- curved like a bowl
- large foramen for vertebral canal
- no vertebral body
9
Q
axis
A
- C2
- allows head to turn from side to side
- articular processes are facing sideways
- dens sticks out
- lacks a typical process
- articular process faces sideways
- atlanto-axial joint
10
Q
joint that articulates with the atlas and occipital bone
A
atlanto-occipital joint
11
Q
joint that articulates with the atlas and axis
A
atlanto-axial joint
12
Q
cervical vertebrae
A
- typically 7, 8 is rare
- invariant with other vertebrates having the same amount
- top and bottom of the body is curved like a bowl
- articular processes are smooth
- slopes inferiorly
- spinous processes is bifid
- dead giveaway: transverse formamen
13
Q
thoracic vertebrae
A
- typically 12 and occasionally 13
- defined by how many ribs you have, which is why you could have 13
14
Q
sacrum
A
- 5 fused
- fuses in adulthood
- articulates with pelvic girdle in the appendicular skeleton
- responsible for transmitting weight to the lower limbs
15
Q
intervertebral discs
A
- found between vertebrae
- has a gel-like cap in the middle called the nucleus pulposus, which is shock bearing. this is what causes a slipped disc when this gets squished and herniated
16
Q
vertebral arch
A
neural arch
17
Q
transverse foramen
A
- found in the cervical vertebrae
- transmits the vertebral artery to bring blood to the brain
18
Q
C7
A
- vertebra prominens
- no bifid appearance
- flat inferior surface
19
Q
costal elements
A
- anterior
- analogous with the ribs
20
Q
T1
A
- articulates with C7
- costal faucet is a complete circle
- demi-faucet on the bottom is a half-circle
21
Q
T2 - T9
A
- relative size of vertebral body
- spinal processes start to angle downwards more and more
- lamina get larger
- two demi-faucets
22
Q
T10
A
- body is large, vertebral canal is small
- very different spinal process
- complete or nearly complete faucet with no demi-faucet underneath
- transverse facet not present on any other thoracic vertebrae
23
Q
T11
A
- end of the ribcage - floating ribs articulate
- complete faucet
- no faucet on transverse process
- large vertebral body and small canal
- much smaller transverse process
24
Q
T12
A
- single faucet on body
- no transverse process
- large spinous process
25
L1 - L5
- cannot distinguish from one another
- large bodies
- transverse processes
- superior articular faucet
- no costal facet
26
label
1. sacral plateau
2. ala
3. transverse lines
4. articulation w/ coccyx
5. sacral foramina
27
label
1. superior articular facets
2. median crest
3. dorsal wall
28
what is the function of the ribs?
- protect thoracic viscera
- mechanical framework for respiration
29
true ribs
- sternal ribs
- ribs 1 - 7
30
false ribs
- common cartilage
- ribs 8 - 10
31
floating ribs
- no distal articulation
- ribs 11 - 12
32
label the parts of a "typical" rib
1. tubercle with facet
2. head with 2 demi-facets
3. neck
4. costal groove
5. sternal end
6. shaft
7. angle
33
characteristics of rib 1
- short, flat, and curved
- scaline tubercle
- subclavian groove
- has two shallow grooves that contain the subclavian artery and subclavian vein
34
characteristics of rib 2
- tuberosity for serratus anterior
- weak costal groove
- long neck
- curved and short
35
characteristics of rib 2
- tuberosity for serratus anterior
- weak costal groove
- long neck
- curved and short
36
characteristics of ribs 3 - 9
- two demi-facets with a crest between them
- neck is not extended
- oval-shaped sternal end
- strong expression of costal groove
37
characteristics of rib 10
- attaches to T10
- sternal end is round
- short neck
38
characteristics of rib 11
- no tuberacle
- single facet
- taper at sternal end
- pointed and not pitted
39
characteristics of rib 12
- no tuberacle
- single facet
- taper at sternal end
- pointed and not pitted
- maybe shorter than rib 1
40
how do the ribs function respiration?
- diaphragm forms a dome and the dome descends up and down
- volume of thoracic cavity changes when air comes in and out, which changes atmospheric pressure
- scalene muscles contract to raise ribs up to bring air in
- sternum is also raised up to let air in
- costal vertebral joints are mobile and allow rib movement
41
label the parts
1. jugular notch
2. first costal notch
3. costal notches
4. sternal angle (second costal notch)
5. clavicular notch
42
manubrium
- top part of the sternum
- largest and thickest of the sternal elements
- widest part of the bone
43
xiphoid process
inferior tip of the sternum
- seventh costal notch
- highly variable element
44
gladiolus
body of the sternum
45
what is the composition of bone?
- 10% water
- 25% organic
- 65% mineral
46
what is the mineral composition in bone?
- hydroxyapatite, which includes calcium and phosphorous
47
noncollagenous proteins (NCPs)
- enzymes
- messengers
- structural proteins
- transport proteins
48
enzymes
produce chemical reactions and build things by reading DNA
49
messengers
coordinate processes through signaling
50
structural proteins
provide mechanical support
51
transport proteins
bind to things in order to move them around
52
what are the cortical bone types?
primary and secondary
53
primary cortical bone
- deposited on existing bone surface
- circumferential lamellae
- primary osteons
- plexiform (in other vertebrates, not humans)
54
secondary cortical bone
- replaces bone on resorbed surfaces
- haversian systems
55
woven bone
- embyologic
- transient
- poor structural organization
56
lamellar bone
- 3 - 7 micrometer unit layers
- collagen orientation is nonrandom
- forms slowly
57
skeletal mass fraction of cortical and cancellous bone
80% cortical
20% cancellous
58
skeletal surface of cortical and cancellous bone
33% cortical
67% cancellous
59
soft tissue of cortical and cancellous bone
10% cortical
75% cancellous
60
porosity of cortical and cancellous bone
low porosity in cortical
high porosity in cancellous
61
bone envelopes
- only appositional growth
- all metabolic activity at surfaces
62
what percentage on adult bone surfaces does periosteal, endosteal, osteonal, trabecular make up?
4.4% periostal
4.4% endosteal
30.4 osteonal
60.8 trabecular
63
label
1. concentric lamellae
2. interstitial lamellae
3. circumferential lamellae
64
cortical bone
the solid, dense bone found in the walls of bone shafts and on external bone surfaces
65
cancellous bone
- also called trabecular
- spongy, porous, and lightweight
Osteology
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