Unit 3 Lecture 15

Question 1

What’s the difference between monophyletic group, paraphyletic group, and polyphyletic group

Answer 1

• Monophyletic group: common ancestor and all descendants
• Paraphyletic group: common ancestor but not all of its descendants
• Polyphyletic group: Does not include common ancestor

Question 2

What is the difference between taxonomy and phylogeny?

Answer 2

• Phylogeny clarifies evolutionary relationships
• Taxonomy is just names and general structure of groups, does give some information on relatedness but not as much as phylogeny

Question 3

What does synapomorphy mean?

Answer 3

They all have two holes in skull

Question 4

Difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

Answer 4

Microevolution: Selection and drift
Macroevolution: Speciation and the formation of new lineages through time and extinctions

Question 5

How were islands formed by Hawaii

Answer 5

Underwater volcanos spew out magma, as the ocean plates move very slowly, these underwater volcanoes form islands

Question 6

Explain the swordtail crickets?

Answer 6

1. They started out on Kauai
2. After the creation of Oahu, there was a colonization event from Kauai to Oahu
3. This then separated into 2 separate lineages
4. Then after the formation of Lanai, another colonization event of L. tantalis, that colonized lanai
5. Colonization event on maui, the species that lived on Lanai and Oahu

Question 7

What does it mean if two animals songs are different?

Answer 7

• Songs of different species are different
• Songs are genetically inherited
• Females prefer songs of conspecifics

Question 8

What do these symbols stand for?
α
Ω

Answer 8

α: origination rate (speciation)
Ω: Extinction rate (extinction)
D1 (Diversity) + originations - extinctions = D2 (new diversity)

Question 9

Diverse taxa has a ______ origination rate than extinction rate

Answer 9

Higher;
Higher origination rate = creating more species
Higher extinction rate = eventually lose all species

Question 10

How did marsupials go from Australia (kangaroos and Koala) to North America?

Answer 10

1. Ancient marsupials evolved in Asia and spread to North America 150 million years ago
2. 70-55 million years ago they dispersed from North America into Africa and then back into Asia
3. Ancient marsupials spread to South America, then through Antartica prior to 55 million years
4. Marsupials go extinct everywhere EXCEPT South America and Australia
5. Virginia opossum colonized North America 3 millions years ago

• Continents were not always in their current position, and South America used to be connected to Antarctica which was connected to Australia.
• This made it able to travel there, and then as the continents shifted and created a divergence, thus different species arose

Question 11

What does Vicariance mean?

Answer 11

Some barrier to dispersal that in generated

Question 12

Difference between Emigration and Vicariance?

Answer 12

Emigration: from one island to the next
Vicariance: have a population that split