What is science its basic characteristics and goals?
- TGABA
_ TYH
_ GBTSLAP
_AFKP
_BA - SS
_ASAAW - SR
What is a Functional Relation?
A change in the dependent variable that is produced by a change in the independent variable.
What is behaviorism?
the philosophy of the science of behavior.
What are the main branches of study?
- EA of B - Experimental Analysis of Behavior
a. basic research on behavior principles with animals - ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis
a. Researching and applying behavior principles with humans.
Define stimulus
- Any event or object in the environment that can be detected by the senses and has the potential to influence behavior. EX: loud noise, the smell of food.
What is positive reinforcement?
- adding a stimulus (reinforcer) to increase the behavior reoccurring.
What is Negative reinforcement?
- behavior strengthened by the removal, reduction, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.
What is a Conditioned Reinforcement?
- Previously Neutral Stimulus becomes reinforcing through its association with a primary reinforcer. EX: Money
What is an Unconditioned Reinforcement?
- involves stimuli that is naturally reinforcing because it satisfies a basic biological needs. EX: Food
What is Positive Punishment?
- behavior is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus, while decreasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future.
What is Negative Punishment?
- B.F. Skinner - Operant conditioning - it involves removing a desired stimulus, to decrease the likelihood of a behavior re-occurring. EX: taking away a toy
What is the Motivating operation? (reinforcer)
- environmental event or condition that temporarily alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer, and the frequency of the behavior associated with the reinforcer.
–EO –> the effectiveness of a reinforcer
–AO –> After eating, the food becomes less effective as a reinforcer.
What is Behavioral Contingency?
- relationship between a specific behavior and its consequences. ‘If then’ (reinforced or punished) *ABC
What does ABC represent?
Antecedent - situation or event that precedes the behavior
Behavior - specific action or response
Consequence - outcome or result
What are the steps included in a respondent conditioning paradigm?
Respondent conditioning
1. CS, 2. UR, 3. NS, 4. CS, = 5.CR
What are the stages of Respondent Conditioning?
A, E, C.S.
What is Aquisition?
the phase where the Neutral Stimulus is repeatedly paired with the Unconditioned Stimulus until it becomes a conditioned stimulus.
What is Extinction?
the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
What is a spontaneous recovery?
the reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.
What is an example of the respondent conditioning paradigm?
BC –> Food (US) –> Salivation (UR); Bell (NS) –> No Response.
DC –> Bell (NS) + Food (US) –> Salivation (UR).
AC –>Bell (CS) –> Salivation (CR)
What is Operant Conditioning?
also known as instrumental conditioning; is a learning process where behaviors are influenced by their consequences.
Describe the operant conditioning paradigm.
PR –> NR –> P (PP or NP) –> Ext.
Provide examples of the operant conditioning paradigm.
BCR
Behavior - a student raises their hand in class.
Consequence - the teacher praises the student (positive reinforcement)
Result - the student is more likely to raise their hand in the future.
What are the 7 dimensions of ABA?
ABAT,C.S,EG
- Applied - focuses on behaviors that are socially significant
- Behavioral - emphasizes the need for precise measurement of the actual behavior in need of improvement and documents that it was the subject’s behavior that changed.
- Analytic - demonstrates a functional relationship between the manipulated events and the behavior of interest, showing control over the behavior.
- Technological - procedures are described clearly and concisely so that others can replicate the intervention.
- Conceptually Systematic - interventions are consistent with principles demonstrated in the literature and are described in terms of these principles.
- Effective - interventions produce significant behavior changes that are socially important.
- Generality - behaviors changes achieved should maintain overtime, appear in other environments, or spread to other behaviors.
