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Gross II Final > Ureter/Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Ureter/Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What is the muscular tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureter

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2
Q

Is the ureter intra- or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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3
Q

The ureter descends over what muscle?

A

Psoas major muscle

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4
Q

The ureter is crossed by which vessels?

A

Gonadal vessels

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5
Q

The ureter crosses what structure?

A

The common iliac artery at its bifurcation

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6
Q

Where do the upper and lower parts of the ureter lie, respectively?

A

Upper - Abdomen, Lower - Pelvis

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7
Q

Where are the three constriction locations where kidney stones can become lodged?

A

Ureteropelvic junction, pelvic brim, and where the ureter enters the wall of the bladder

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8
Q

Branches of what five arteries make up the blood supply to the ureter?

A

Renal artery, gonadal artery, aorta, common iliac artery, superior vesical artery

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9
Q

Which branches of the ureter’s blood supply are responsible for the abdominal portion of the ureter?

A

Renal artery, gonadal artery, aorta, and common iliac artery

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10
Q

Which branch of ureter blood supply is responsible for the pelvic portion of the ureter?

A

Superior vesical artery

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11
Q

What is the innervation of the ureter?

A

Renal plexus and hypogastric plexus

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12
Q

The suprarenal glands go by what name in general mammals?

A

Adrenal glands

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13
Q

What part of the suprarenal gland secretes catecholamines?

A

Medulla

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14
Q

What are the catecholamines secreted by the medulla of the suprarenal gland?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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15
Q

The medulla of the suprarenal gland is also known as what?

A

Modified sympathetic ganglion

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16
Q

What part of the suprarenal gland secretes corticosteroids?

A

Cortex

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17
Q

Can we live without suprarenal glands?

A

No

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18
Q

Is the suprarenal gland intra- or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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19
Q

The suprarenal gland lies on what aspect of the kidney?

A

Superomedial

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20
Q

What surrounds the suprarenal gland?

A

A capsule and renal fascia

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21
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Adrenal hypo function that affects mainly corticosteroid output

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22
Q

What is the shape of the right suprarenal gland?

A

Pyramidal

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23
Q

What is the shape of the left suprarenal gland?

A

Semilunar

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24
Q

What is the connection between the suprarenal gland and overall autonomic nerve supply?

A

Relative to size, it has the largest autonomic nerve supply of any organ

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25
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the suprarenal gland?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries

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26
Q

From where does the superior suprarenal artery arise?

A

Inferior phrenic artery

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27
Q

From where does the middle suprarenal artery arise?

A

Aorta

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28
Q

From where does the inferior suprarenal artery arise?

A

Renal artery

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29
Q

What is the venous blood supply to the suprarenal gland?

A

Suprarenal vein

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30
Q

To where does the right suprarenal vein drain?

A

Directly into the inferior vena cava

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31
Q

To where does the left suprarenal vein drain?

A

Into the left renal vein

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32
Q

What is the innervation of the suprarenal gland?

A

Primarily sympathetic from the celiac plexus and thoracic splanchnic nerves

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33
Q

Pain from the kidney or suprarenal gland is often referred to what area?

A

Paralumbar region or flank

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34
Q

What is the phrase coined about the pathway of pain from a kidney stone?

A

“The loin to the groin” (lumbar region to inguinal region)

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35
Q

The ureter receives innervation from what cord levels?

A

T11-L2

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36
Q

If kidney pain is accompanied by a high fever, what does that usually mean?

A

Kidney infection

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37
Q

Kidney infections are more common in what gender?

A

Females

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38
Q

Why are kidney infections more prevalent among females?

A

Due to their shorter urethras

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39
Q

What five things make up the abdominal aspect of the diaphragm?

A

Right crus, left crus, median arcuate ligament, medial arcuate ligament, lateral arcuate ligament

40
Q

A weakness in what area of the abdominal diaphragm may cause hiatal hernia?

A

Right crus

41
Q

What part of the abdominal diaphragm originates from the upper three lumbar vertebrae?

A

Right crus

42
Q

The right crus splits to surround what structure?

A

Esophagus

43
Q

What part of the abdominal diaphragm originates from the upper two lumbar vertebrae?

A

Left crus

44
Q

Which crus of the abdominal diaphragm is shorter and smaller?

A

Left

45
Q

What part of the abdominal diaphragm is a thickening of fascia which connects the body of the 1st lumbar vertebra to the transverse process of the 1st lumbar vertebra?

A

Medial arcuate ligament

46
Q

What part of the abdominal diaphragm is a thickening of fascia which connects the right crus to the left crus?

A

Median arcuate ligament

47
Q

The median arcuate ligament forms the border of what structure?

A

Aortic hiatus

48
Q

The medial arcuate ligament passes over what structures?

A

Psoas major muscle and sympathetic trunk

49
Q

What part of the abdominal diaphragm is a thickening of fascia which connects the transverse process of the 1st lumbar vertebra to the 12th rib?

A

Lateral arcuate ligament

50
Q

The lateral arcuate ligament passes over what muscle?

A

Quadratus lumborum

51
Q

What is the origin of the psoas major?

A

Transverse processes and bodies of T12-L5 and corresponding intervertebral discs

52
Q

What is the insertion of the psoas major?

A

Lesser trochanter

53
Q

What is the innervation of psoas major?

A

Lumbar nerves 1-3

54
Q

What is the function of psoas major?

A

Flexes thigh, flexes trunk

55
Q

What is the origin of psoas minor?

A

Bodies and intervertebral discs of T12-L1

56
Q

What is the insertion of psoas minor?

A

Pecten pubis, iliopubic eminence

57
Q

What is the innervation of psoas minor?

A

1st lumbar nerve

58
Q

What is the function of psoas minor?

A

Flexes trunk

59
Q

The psoas minor muscle is found in what percentage of the population?

A

60%

60
Q

Why doesn’t the psoas minor have any effect on flexing the thigh?

A

It doesn’t cross the joint

61
Q

What is the origin of the iliacus muscle?

A

Iliac fossa, iliac crest, ala of sacrum

62
Q

What is the insertion of the iliacus muscle?

A

Lesser trochanter via tendon of psoas major

63
Q

What is the innervation of the iliacus muscle?

A

Branches of femoral nerve (L2, L3)

64
Q

What is the function of the iliacus muscle?

A

Flexes thigh, tilts pelvis forward

65
Q

How is the psoas sign performed?

A

Thigh is flexed against resistance (positive if pain present)

66
Q

What does positive right psoas pain suggest?

A

Acute appendicitis

67
Q

What is the origin of quadratus lumborum?

A

Iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest

68
Q

What is the insertion of quadratus lumborum?

A

12th rib, transverse processes of L1-4

69
Q

What is the innervation of quadratus lumborum?

A

Subcostal nerve, lumbar nerves 1-4

70
Q

What is the function of quadratus lumborum?

A

Depresses 12th rib, flexes trunk laterally

71
Q

The lumbar plexus is formed by what anterior primary rami?

A

L1, L2, L3, and part of L4

72
Q

What are the branches of the lumbar plexus?

A

Iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, femoral nerve, obturator nerve

73
Q

What branch of the lumbar plexus is sensory to the skin covering the pubis and gluteal region?

A

Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)

74
Q

What is the iliohypogastric nerve cord level?

A

L1

75
Q

Which branch of the lumbar plexus supplies sensory innervation to the skin of the scrotum (or labia majora) and the thigh?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

76
Q

The ilioinguinal nerve emerges from what structure?

A

Superficial inguinal ring

77
Q

What is the ilioinguinal cord level?

A

L1

78
Q

What are the two branches of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

Genital branch and femoral branch

79
Q

What branch of the genitofemoral nerve supplies the cremaster muscle?

A

Genital branch

80
Q

What branch of the genitofemoral nerve supplies the skin over the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral branch

81
Q

What are the cord levels for the genitofemoral nerve?

A

L1, L2

82
Q

What branch of the lumbar plexus supplies the skin of the anterior and lateral aspects of the thigh?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

83
Q

What are the cord levels for the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

A

L2, L3

84
Q

What branch of the lumbar plexus supplies the muscles and skin of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

85
Q

What are the cord levels for the femoral nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

86
Q

What branch of the lumbar plexus supplies the muscles and skin of the medial surface of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

87
Q

What are the cord levels for the obturator nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

88
Q

The sacral plexus is formed by the anterior primary rami of what cord levels?

A

L4-S4

89
Q

What is the very first nerve located on the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Subcostal nerve

90
Q

What are the largest paired arteries that come off of the abdominal aorta?

A

Renal arteries

91
Q

What branches of the abdominal aorta are homologous to the intercostals in the thorax?

A

Lumbar arteries

92
Q

How many pairs of lumbar arteries coming off of the abdominal aorta are there?

A

4

93
Q

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, inferior phrenic artery, middle suprarenal artery, renal artery, gonadal (testicular or ovarian) artery, lumbar arteries, median sacral artery

94
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the right and left common iliac arteries?

A

Anterior to the fourth lumbar vertebra

95
Q

What does each common iliac artery bifurcate into?

A

Internal and external iliac arteries

Gross II Final (9 decks)

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