Urinary

Question 1

Hilus

Answer 1

Entry/exit point for renal vessels, nerves, and ureter

Question 2

Renal capsule

Answer 2

Fibrous layer that protects and maintains kidney shape

Question 3

Major and minor calyces

Answer 3

Funnel-shaped structures that collect urine from papillae and drain to renal pelvis

Question 4

Medulla

Answer 4

Inner kidney region containing renal pyramids; site of urine concentration

Question 5

Cortex

Answer 5

Outer kidney region containing renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

Question 6

Renal column

Answer 6

Extension of cortex between pyramids; contains blood vessels

Question 7

Renal pelvis

Answer 7

Funnel that collects urine from major calyces and drains into ureter

Question 8

Papillae

Answer 8

Tips of renal pyramids where urine drains into minor calyces

Question 9

Papillary ducts

Answer 9

Ducts that empty urine from collecting ducts into minor calyces

Question 10

Pyramids

Answer 10

Cone-shaped medullary structures containing loops of Henle and collecting ducts

Question 11

Adipose capsule

Answer 11

Fatty cushion surrounding kidney for protection and anchoring

Question 12

Renal fascia

Answer 12

Outer connective tissue layer anchoring kidney to abdominal wall

Question 13

Glomerulus

Answer 13

Capillary tuft where blood filtration occurs (forms filtrate)

Question 14

Distal and proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 14

Sites of reabsorption (PCT: most water/nutrients) and secretion (DCT: ions)

Question 15

Loop of Henle (Ascending, descending, thick segment, thin segment)

Answer 15

Creates osmotic gradient for urine concentration; water/salt reabsorption

Question 16

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 16

Cup-shaped structure enclosing glomerulus; receives filtrate

Question 17

Collecting duct

Answer 17

Final concentration of urine; regulated by ADH

Question 18

Renal corpuscle

Answer 18

Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule; site of blood filtration

Question 19

Ureters

Answer 19

Muscular tubes that transport urine from kidneys to bladder via peristalsis

Question 20

Ureteral orifice

Answer 20

Opening where ureter enters bladder

Question 21

Trigone

Answer 21

Triangular area in bladder between ureteral and urethral orifices; prevents backflow

Question 22

Detrusor muscle

Answer 22

Smooth muscle in bladder wall that contracts to expel urine

Question 23

Internal urethral sphincter

Answer 23

Smooth muscle; involuntary control at bladder neck

Question 24

External urethral sphincter

Answer 24

Skeletal muscle; voluntary control for continence

Question 25

Urethra

Answer 25

Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside the body

Question 26

Urethral orifice (meatus)

Answer 26

External opening of urethra

Question 27

Urogenital diaphragm

Answer 27

Muscular structure supporting urethra and aiding continence

Question 28

Renal (artery/vein)

Answer 28

Main blood supply/drainage to/from kidney

Question 29

Segmental (arteries)

Answer 29

Supply specific kidney segments

Question 30

Interlobar (arteries)

Answer 30

Travel between renal pyramids

Question 31

Vasa recta

Answer 31

Capillaries surrounding loop of Henle; maintain medullary osmotic gradient

Question 32

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 32

Regulates GFR and blood pressure via renin release

Question 33

Macula densa

Answer 33

Sensor cells in DCT that detect NaCl levels for tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 34

Lobar (arteries)

Answer 34

Supply renal lobes (related to pyramids)

Question 35

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 35

Surround cortical tubules; site of reabsorption and secretion

Question 36

Interlobular/Cortical radiate (arteries)

Answer 36

Supply cortex and glomeruli

Question 37

Arcuate (arteries)

Answer 37

Run along corticomedullary junction