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Gross II Final > Urinary Bladder/Male Internal Reproductive Organs > Flashcards

Urinary Bladder/Male Internal Reproductive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary bladder is slightly lower in what gender?

A

Females

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2
Q

When the bladder is empty, it lies in what part of the body?

A

Entirely within the pelvis resting against the pubis and adjacent pelvic floor

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3
Q

When the bladder is filling, it moves to which area of the body?

A

Rises into the abdomen and may reach the level of the umbilicus

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4
Q

At birth, what is the shape and location of the bladder?

A

Spindle-shaped and mostly in the abdomen

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5
Q

What are the surfaces of the bladder?

A

Superior, left inferolateral, right inferolateral, fundus (base)

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6
Q

What surfaces of the bladder meet to form the apex?

A

Superior and the two inferolateral surfaces in front

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7
Q

What surfaces meet to form the neck of the bladder?

A

Inferolateral surfaces and fundus

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8
Q

What is the path of the ureters?

A

Subperitoneally along the lateral wall of the pelvis and enter the bladder at its fundus

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9
Q

Peritoneum overlies which surface of the bladder?

A

Superior surface

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10
Q

Why does the position of the uterus cause frequent micturition during pregnancy?

A

Due to the body of the uterus overlying the bladder in females

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11
Q

What is the retropubic space?

A

U-shaped space between the pubis and bladder that contains a retropubic fat pad

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12
Q

Why do some long distance runners notice blood in their urine after a long run?

A

Retropubic fat pad sometimes is insufficient and repetitive trauma occurs from the bladder hitting the pubic symphysis during the run

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13
Q

What are the two ligaments that function to hold the bladder in place?

A

Puboprostatic (pubovesical) ligament and lateral ligament of the bladder

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14
Q

What does the puboprostatic ligament do?

A

Attaches the prostate gland (or neck of the bladder in the female) to the pubis

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15
Q

What does the lateral ligament of the bladder do?

A

Passes from the base of the bladder to the rectovesical fold (males) or rectouterine fold (females)

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16
Q

What is the smooth triangular structure located on the posterior and inferior wall of the bladder?

A

Trigone

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17
Q

What is the importance of the flap-valve of the ureter?

A

Prevents reflux of urine heading back to the kidneys

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18
Q

What happens to the ureter when the bladder is full and also during micturition?

A

Ureter is compressed (flap-valve)

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19
Q

What opening of the trigone is located below and in front?

A

Internal urethral orifice

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20
Q

What openings of the trigone are located above and behind?

A

Ureteric orifices

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21
Q

How do the ureters travel within the bladder?

A

Obliquely in an inferomedial direction

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22
Q

What is the feature that extends between each of the ureteric orifices?

A

Interureteric crest

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23
Q

What is the median ridge which extends above and behind the internal urethral orifice?

A

Uvula of bladder

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24
Q

What is the bundle of smooth muscle which lies within the wall of the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

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25
Q

What is the circular layer of smooth muscle which surrounds the neck of the bladder in males?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the internal urethral sphincter in males?

A

Prevents reflux of semen into the bladder during ejaculation

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27
Q

The internal urethral sphincter is not present in which gender?

A

Females

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28
Q

What arteries make up the blood supply of the urinary bladder?

A

Superior and inferior vesical arteries, vaginal artery

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29
Q

What makes up the venous blood supply of the urinary bladder?

A

Prostatic (male) or vesical (female) plexus of veins

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30
Q

Where do the prostatic (male) or vesical (female) plexus of veins empty into?

A

Internal iliac vein

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31
Q

What is the innervation of the urinary bladder?

A

Prostatic and vesical plexuses

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32
Q

The prostatic and vesical plexuses that innervate the urinary bladder are extensions of what?

A

Inferior hypogastric plexus

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33
Q

Where are the sympathetic fibers from that innervate the urinary bladder?

A

Lower 3 thoracic and upper 2 lumbar levels

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34
Q

Where are the parasympathetic fibers from that innervate the urinary bladder?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

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35
Q

What initiates the micturition reflex?

A

Bladder fullness

36
Q

When do we learn to suppress the micturition reflex?

A

During toilet training

37
Q

Activation of what fibers causes contraction of the detrusor muscle in both sexes and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter in males?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

38
Q

During micturition, what is relaxed under voluntary control?

A

External urethral sphincter

39
Q

What are the 6 male internal reproductive organs?

A

Testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland

40
Q

What is a thick-walled tube which carries sperm from the testis to the ejaculatory duct?

A

Ductus deferens

41
Q

Where does the ductus deferens begin?

A

At the tail of epididymis

42
Q

The ductus deferens travels within what structure as it enters the pelvis?

A

Spermatic cord

43
Q

The ductus deferens enters the pelvis through what structure?

A

Deep inguinal ring

44
Q

The ductus deferens crosses over what structure during its path?

A

Ureter

45
Q

The ductus deferens lies where in reference to the bladder?

A

Posterior

46
Q

The ductus deferens lies where in references to the seminal vesical?

A

Medial to it

47
Q

The ductus deferens joins what to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

Duct of the seminal vesicle

48
Q

What is the dilated terminal portion of the ductus deferens?

A

Ampulla of ductus deferens

49
Q

What is the innervation of the ductus deferens?

A

Superior and inferior hypogastric plexus

50
Q

What are the two lobulated glandular structures which lie lateral to the ampullae of the ductus deferens against the fundus of the bladder?

A

Seminal vesicles

51
Q

The seminal vesicle’s lower ends become narrow and form ducts that join what structure to form the ejaculatory ducts?

A

Ductus deferens

52
Q

Do the seminal vesicles store sperm?

A

No

53
Q

What fluid is produced by the seminal vesicle?

A

Alkaline component of semen

54
Q

What is the purpose of the alkaline fluid prouduced by the seminal vesicle?

A

Neutralizes vaginal acidity so sperm can survive

55
Q

Where is sperm stored?

A

Epididymis

56
Q

The two ejaculatory ducts open onto what structure in the prostatic urethra?

A

Seminal colliculus

57
Q

What is the blood supply to the ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct?

A

Artery of the ductus deferens, inferior vesical artery, and middle rectal artery

58
Q

What is the most important artery for male internal reproductive organs?

A

Inferior vesical artery

59
Q

What type of fluid is produced by the prostate gland?

A

Neutral pH fluid

60
Q

What does it mean when we say that the prostate is a “mixed” gland?

A

It is made from smooth muscle, glandular tissue, and fibrous tissue

61
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Production of semen

62
Q

Where does the prostate gland lie?

A

Below the bladder and surrounds the urethra

63
Q

The prostate gland lies where in references to the pubic symphysis?

A

Posterior

64
Q

The prostate gland lies where in reference to the rectal ampulla?

A

Immediately anterior

65
Q

The prostate gland can be palpated through what structure?

A

Rectal ampulla

66
Q

What part of the prostate gland lies anterior to the urethra and contains no glandular tissue?

A

Isthmus of Prostate

67
Q

What is the portion of the urethra which is surrounded by the prostate gland?

A

Prostatic urethra

68
Q

What is the median crest located on the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra

A

Urethral crest

69
Q

What is the ovoid elevation located on the urethral crest?

A

Seminal colliculus

70
Q

What is the tiny blind pouch located on the seminal colliculus?

A

Prostatic utricle

71
Q

The prostatic utricle is homologous to what structure of the female?

A

Uterus

72
Q

What is the groove located lateral to the urethral crest that receives the ducts of the prostate gland?

A

Prostatic sinus

73
Q

What is the blood supply to the prostate gland?

A

Inferior vesical artery, middle rectal artery, and internal pudendal artery

74
Q

What is the innervation of the prostate gland?

A

Prostatic Plexus from the inferior hypogastric plexus

75
Q

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

Prostate enlargement due to influence of hormones

76
Q

What is the typical age of benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

After the age of 40

77
Q

What is an herbal treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

Saw Palmetto

78
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy can lead to what issues?

A

Difficulty in micturition through compression of the urethra

79
Q

What is one of the most common cancers among men?

A

Prostate cancer

80
Q

What is the location of prostate cancer metastasis?

A

Blood and lymph channels

81
Q

How is metastasis of prostate cancer to the vertebral column and plexus allowed?

A

Through connections between prostatic and sacral venous plexuses

82
Q

What types of issues in another bodily location commonly accompany prostate cancer?

A

Bone involvement

83
Q

What type of test is used for early detection of prostate cancer?

A

PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)

84
Q

Chronic inflammation of the prostate or prostate cancer may caused referred pain in what location?

A

Sacrum

85
Q

What types of misalignment and subluxations maybe he related to prostate or bladder issues?

A

Sacral misalignment or L1, L2 subluxations

Gross II Final (9 decks)

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