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USMLE Buzzwords - WLB > USMLE Buzzwords - WLB > Flashcards

USMLE Buzzwords - WLB Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the most common cause of neural tube defects?

A

Folate deficiency

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2
Q

What is the most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in the U.S.?

A

Alcohol use

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3
Q

Hyeprflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation

A

Marfan Syndrome (defect in fibrilin)

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4
Q

Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alport Syndrome (defect in Type IV collagen)

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5
Q

What is the most common site of a berry aneurysm?

A

Anterior Communicating Artery

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6
Q

What diseases are often associated with berry aneurysms?

A

Autosomal Dominant PKD

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

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7
Q

Which type of intracranial hemorrhage is associated with: “Worst headache of my life” ?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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8
Q

Which type of intracranial hemorrhage is associated with: Lucid interval following head trauma ?

A

Epidural hemorrhage

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9
Q

Which type of intracranial hemorrhage is associated with: Blood CSF on LP ?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of a subdural hematoma?

A

Rupture of bridging veins

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of a epidural hematoma?

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of dementia?

A

Alzheimer Disease

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13
Q

What is the second most common cause of dementia?

A

Vascular Dementia

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14
Q

What disease has extracellular amyloid deposits in the gray matter?

A

Alzheimer Disease

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15
Q

What disease has intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein?

A

Alzheimer Disease

intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau proteins = neurofibrillary plaques/tangles

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16
Q

What disease has intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain?

A

Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick Disease)

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17
Q

What do you call amyloid deposits in the gray matter of the brain?

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer Disease)

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18
Q

Drooling farmer

A

organophosphate poisoning

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19
Q

What is the medical treatment for a pheochromocytoma?

A

Alpha-antagonists (Phenoxybenzamine)

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20
Q

What is the selective Alpha-1 antagonist used to treat BPH?

A

Tamsulosin

Alpha-1AD receptor antagonist

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21
Q

What congenital heart defect causes a continuous, machinery-like heart murmur?

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA)

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22
Q

What congenital heart defect demonstrates a “boot-shaped heart” on chest x-ray?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot (in children)

VSD, Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta

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23
Q

What congenital heart defect causes rib notching that may be seen on chest x-ray?

A

Coarctaton of Aorta

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24
Q

What is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly?

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

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25
Q

What is the most common congenital cause of early cyanosis?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

VSD, Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta

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26
Q

What type of heart murmur is often associated with bounding pulses, head bobbing, and diastolic murmur?

A

Aortic Regurgitation

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27
Q

What type of heart murmur is often described as a continuous, machine-like murmur?

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

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28
Q

What bone disease is characterized by bone enlargement, bone pain, and arthritis?

A

Paget disease of bone

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29
Q

Wha bone disease is characterized by vertebral compression fractures?

A

Osteoporosis

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30
Q

What joint disease is characterized by swollen, hard, painful finger joints?

A

Osteoarthritis

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31
Q

What joint disease is characterized by swollen, boggy, painful finger joints?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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32
Q

What joint disease is characterized by cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath (eburnation of bone)?

A

Osteoarthritis

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33
Q

What joint disease is characterized by swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint/MTP (“podagra”)?

A

Gout

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34
Q

What joint disease is characterized by positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals?

A

Pseudogout

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35
Q

What joint disease is characterized by negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals?

A

Gout

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36
Q

What joint disease is characterized by “bamboo spine” on x-ray?

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

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37
Q

What diseases are charactized by HLA-B27?

A

Seronegative spongyloarthropathies: “PAIR”

1) Psoriasis (psoriatic arthritis)
2) Ankylosing spondylitis
3) IBD
4) Reactive Arthritis

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38
Q

What joint disease is characterized by “Pencil-in-cup” deformity on x-ray of the finger?

A

Psoriatic arthritis

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39
Q

What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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40
Q

What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-histone antibodies?

A

Drug-induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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41
Q

What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-centromere antibodies?

A

CREST Syndrome = Calcinosis + Raynaud Phenomenon + Esophageal dysfunction + Sclerodactyly + Telangiectasias

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42
Q

What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-topoisomerase antibodies?

A

Diffuse Scleroderma

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43
Q

What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-Jo-1 antibodies?

A

Polymyositis

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44
Q

What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-Ro antibodies?

A

Sjogren Syndrome

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45
Q

What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes?

A

Sjogren Syndrome

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46
Q

What skin disorder is characterized by keratin pearls on skin biopsy?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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47
Q

What is the most common malignant skin tumor?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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48
Q

What is the main artery of the pelvis?

A

Internal Iliac Artery

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49
Q

What is the main nerve of the pelvis?

A

Pudendal Nerve

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50
Q

What gonadal drainage disorder is characterized by a “bag of worms” scrotum?

A

Varicocele

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51
Q

What is the most common cancer in men?

A

Prostate Cancer

52
Q

What is the most common cause of urinary obstruction in men?

A

BPH

53
Q

What is the most common treatment of erectile dysfunction?

A

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

54
Q

Use of what reproductive drug is associated with hepatic adenomas?

A

Oral contraceptive pills

55
Q

What reproductive disease is characterized by “grape-like” vaginal tumors?

A

Sarcoma botryoides (Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma variant)

56
Q

What reproductive disease is associated with koilocytes?

A

HPV infection

57
Q

What is the most common benign tumor in women?

A

Leiomyoma

58
Q

What reproductive disease is characterized by a “chocolate cyst” of the ovary?

A

Endometriosis (of ovary = endometrioma)

59
Q

What reproductive disease is characterized by a “powder burn” lesion?

A

Endometriosis

60
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in women?

A

PCOS

61
Q

What do you call midcycle pain associated with ovulation?

A

Mittelschmerz

62
Q

What syndrome is characterized by ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax?

A

Meigs Syndrome

63
Q

What type of teratoma causes hyperthyroidism?

A

Struma Ovarii

64
Q

What reproductive disorder is characterized by “snowstorm” appearance on ultrasound?

A

Hydatidiform mole

65
Q

What is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?

A

Trisomy 21 = Down Syndrome

66
Q

What is the second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?

A

Fragile X Syndrome

67
Q

What chromosomal disorder is characterized by horshoe kidneys, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma?

A

Turner Syndrome (XO)

68
Q

What chromosomal disorder is characterized by rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw?

A

Trisomy 18 = Edward Syndrome

69
Q

What is the most common cancer in women in the U.S.?

A

Breast cancer

70
Q

What is the most common benign breast tumor?

A

Fibroadenoma?

71
Q

What is the most common malignant breast tumor?

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

72
Q

What breast disease is characterized by a blue dome cyst in the breast?

A

Fibrocystic change

73
Q

What is the treatment for ER+ breast cancer?

A

Tamoxifen

74
Q

What breast disease is characterized by a red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nipple?

A

Paget disease of the breast

75
Q

What bacteria is characterized by branching, filamentous, gram-positive rods with sulfur granules?

A

Actinomyces israelii

76
Q

What is the standard treatment for Treponema pallidum?

A

Penicillin

Penicillin G = IV, or if allergy give Doxycycline

77
Q

What zoonotic bacterial infection results in cellulitis from a dog or cat bite?

A

Pasteurella multocida

78
Q

What do you call a non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion? What is the name of the disease?

A

Chancre => Primary Syphillis

79
Q

What do you call a moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion? What is the name of the disease?

A

Condylomata lata => Secondary Syphillis

80
Q

What disease is characterized by a large bull’s-eye rash?

A

Lyme Disease

bull’s eye rash => erythema migrans

81
Q

What bacterial infection is associated with a Ghon focus or Ghon complex (Ghron focus + hilar lymphadenopathy)?

A

Primary Tuberculosis

Ghon focus = lung lesion

82
Q

What bacterial infection is associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of upper lobes?

A

Reactive Tuberculosis

83
Q

What is the standard initial treatment regimen for TB?

A

RIPE:

Rifampin

Isoniazid (+Pyridoxine/B6)

Pyrazinamide

Ethambutol

84
Q

What immunological disease is characterized by eczema + recurrent cold abscesses + high serum IgE?

A

Hyper IgE Syndrome (Job Syndrome)

85
Q

What immunological disease is characterized by large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils?

A

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

86
Q

What is the treatment for absence seizures?

A

Ethosuximide

87
Q

What neurological disorder is characterized by conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze?

A

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (MLF Syndrome)

Seen in Multiple Sclerosis

88
Q

What neurological disorder is characterized by degeneration of the dorsal columns?

A

Tabes dorsalis

Seen in Tertiary Syphilis

89
Q

What neurological disorder is characterized as a demyelinating disease in a young woman?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

90
Q

What neurological disorder is characterized by mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease?

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

91
Q

What neurological disorder is characterized by the depigmentation of the substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson disease

92
Q

What neurological disorder is characterized by chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen?

A

Huntington disease

93
Q

What neurological finding is characterized by eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons? What disease?

A

Lewy bodies => Parkinson Disease, Lewy Body Dementia

94
Q

What brachial plexus lesion is characterized by a newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor?

A

Erb-Duchenne Palsy (C5-C6 roots)

95
Q

What gastrointestinal condition is characterized by dysphagia (esophageal webs) + glossitis + iron deficiency anemia?

A

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

96
Q

What gastroinestinal condition is characterized by hematemesis with retching?

A

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome/Tear

97
Q

What do you called a mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus? What pathology does it indicate?

A

Signet Ring Cell

Could be Gastric cancer or Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)

98
Q

What is the most common type of stomach cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

99
Q

What do you call an ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer?

A

Krukenberg Tumor

100
Q

What gastrointestinal condition is characterized by gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels?

A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

101
Q

What gastrointestinal condition is characterized by an acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma?

A

Cushing ulcer

102
Q

What gastrointestinal condition is characterized by an acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns?

A

Curling ulcer

103
Q

What gastrointestinal disease is characterized by weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation?

A

Whipple Disease

104
Q

What disease is associated with anti-tranglutaminase and anti-gliadin antibodies?

A

Celiac Disease

105
Q

What vitamin is given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid

106
Q

What is the most common surgical emergency?

A

Appendicitis

107
Q

What physical exam finding is characterized by severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness?

A

McBurney’s Point sign/tenderness

108
Q

What disorder is characterized by GI hamartomas and hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands?

A

Peutz-Jegher Syndrome

109
Q

What disorder is characterized by multiple colonic polyps, osteomas, and soft tissue tumors?

A

Gardner Syndrome

110
Q

What should you suspect if “apple core” lesions are found on barium enema studies?

A

Colon cancer (until proven otherwise)

111
Q

What is the most common site of colonic diverticula?

A

Sigmoid colon

112
Q

What condition is associated with a “string sign” on contrast x-ray?

A

Crohn’s Disease

113
Q

What condition is associated with a “lead pipe” appearance of the colon on contrast x-ray?

A

Ulcerative Colitis

114
Q

What condition is characterized by painless jaundice?

A

Pancreatic cancer

115
Q

What is the most common cause of Acute Pancreatitis?

A

Alcohol/Gallstones

116
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Alcohol abuse

117
Q

What condition presents as severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate?

A

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (Type I)

118
Q

What condition is characterized by mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia?

A

Gilbert Syndrome

119
Q

What disease is characterized by triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes?

A

Fatty liver disease

can be Hepatic steatosis from heavy alcohol use or Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from metabolic syndrome

120
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?

A

Mallory bodies (common in alcoholic hepatitis)

121
Q

What type of cancer is closely linked to cirrhosis?

A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

122
Q

What condition is characterized by hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, and ascites?

A

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

123
Q

What disease is characterized by green/yellow corneal deposits?

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings => Wilson Disease

124
Q

What disease is characterized by low ceruloplasmin?

A

Wilson Disease

125
Q

What condition is characterized by cirrhosis, diabetes, and hyperpigmentation?

A

Hemochromatosis (“Bronze Diabetes”)

USMLE Buzzwords - WLB (9 decks)

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