1
Q
What is language
A
- a system of arbitrary symbols of ideas or things being refered to
2
Q
Misunderstandings ca occur when
A
- there is an indirect relationship between symbols and what is being referred to
3
Q
Triangle of meaning includes three things
A
- thought
- symbol
- referent
4
Q
Syntactic rules
A
- rules that govern the way symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meaning of the symbols
- order
EXAMPLE: “the big toe, has a different meaning than the toe big”
5
Q
Sematic rules
A
- govern the meaning assigned to words
- refer to word orders
6
Q
Equivical language
A
- consists of words with more than one commonly accepted definition
EXAMPLE: groom
7
Q
Pragmatic rules
A
- help communicators understand how messages may be used and interpreted in a given context
8
Q
pragmatic rules consist of
A
- denotative meaning
- connotative meaning
9
Q
Abstraction
A
- language that is vague and unclear
10
Q
Bypassing
A
- that same words mean different things to different people
11
Q
low contet cultures
A
- place emphasis on worlds
12
Q
High context cultures
A
- place emphasis on non verbal expressions and surrounding context
13
Q
Convergence
A
- adapting ones speech style to match that of others whom the communicator wants to identify with
14
Q
Divergence
A
- speech mannerism that emphasize the communicators diffrences from others
15
Q
Deferential language
A
- language style in which the speaker defers listners by using hedges, hesitations, intensifiers, polite forms, tag question, and disclaimers
16
Q
Hedge examples
A
- kinda
- think
- guess
17
Q
Hesitations Examples
A
- uh
well
er
18
Q
Intenifier examples
A
- really
- very
19
Q
Polite forms examples
A
- excuse me
- sir
20
Q
Tag question examples
A
- its about time we got started, isnt it
- dont you thing we should give it another try
21
Q
Disclaimers examples
A
- I probably shouldn’t say this but
- i’m bot really sure but
22
Q
Disruptive language consists of
A
- fact opinion confusion
- inference
- emotive language
23
Q
fact opinion confusion
A
- also called fact inference confusion
- occurs when inference’s of assumptions are presented as facts
24
Q
Infrence
A
- a conculsion that is arrived at, from an interpretation of evidence
25
Emotive language
- describes something but really announces the speakers positive or negative attitude towards a person, situation, or topic
26
i language
- a statement that describes the speakers reaction to another persons behaviour without making judgements about the behaviours worth
27
"i" language advantages
- takes responsibility for personal thought, feelings and wants
- less defence provokinking that
'you
' langauge
28
"i" langage disadvantages
- can be perceived as egotistical, narcissitic, and self-absorbed
29
tips when using "I" language
- use i language when the other person doesnt previeve the problem
- combine "i" with "we" lanuage
30
"we" langauge advantages
- signals inclusion, immediacy, cohesiveness, and commitment
31
"we" langauge disadvantages
- can speak improperly for others
32
"we" language tips
- combine with "i" language
- use in groups setting to enhance unity
- avoid expressing personal thoughts, feelings, and wants
33
"you" langauge advantages
- signals other orientation, particullarly when the topic is positive
34
"you" langauage disadvantages
- xan sound evaluative and judgemental, particullary during confrontations
35
"you" langauge tips
- use"i" language during confrontations
- use "you" language when praising others
36
Metamessages
- can be exchanged verbally or nonverbally
- communication about communication
37
Non-verbal metamessages
- provides information about the emotion and relation of impact of what the speaker is expressing with the verbal message
- could be sacasm
38
Misunderstandings is coaused by
- the ineffective ise of verbal messages
39
Figurative langaue
- do not conform to the sematic rule
40
Metaphor
- involves an impicit comparision of two things that are not alike
EXAMPLE: time is money
41
Irony
- the use of language that indicate two opposing ideas
EXAMPLE: open secret
42
Idiom
- worlds that provide artistic expression of ideas
- can be used to amplify messages
EXAMPLE: knowledge is power
43
Informal lanuage consists of
- jargon
- colloquialism
- slang
44
Jargon
- specialized words used by a certain group
- often difficult to understand by an outsider group
45
Colloquialism
- use of informal worlds in everyday langauge
EXAMPLE: wanna, gunna
46
Slang
- informal worlds used in day to day communication by certain groups who share certain characteristics
- commonly used when speaking
47
Guidelines for using verbal messages effectively (6 things)
1. focus on the actual
2. recognize complexity
3. distinguish between facts and inferences
4. avoid indiscrimination
5. talk about the middle
6. update messages
48
Label orientation
- avoid
- tendency to view people, objects, and events in a way they are labeled
