MMI 133 > Viruses & Prions > Flashcards

Viruses & Prions Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What are 5 differences between viruses and other microorganisms?

A

They’re non-living, small, an obligate intracellular parasite, contain either DNA or RNA (never both) and have minimal/no enzymes or ribosomes

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2
Q

Capsids are:

A

A protein coat composed of capsomeres surounding virions

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3
Q

The nucleocapsid contains:

A

Genetic information

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4
Q

What is a lipid envelope?

A

An outer layer surrounding the capsid in some viruses

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5
Q

Enveloped viruses are ____ easily inactivated by disinfectants

A

more

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6
Q

Glycoproteins/spikes can be found:

A

Inserted in either the capsid or envelope

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7
Q

The functions of glycoproteins are:

A

Cellular attachment and recognition of binding sites in host cells

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8
Q

Viruses usually have a specific ____ ____

A

host range

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9
Q

The 6 DNA viruses are:

A

Herpesvidrae, Poxviridae, Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Hepadnaviridae

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10
Q

What are the three main steps of viral infection?

A
  1. Attachment and penetration into host cell
  2. Replication of the genome
  3. Assembly and release of new virus
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11
Q

What are the two methods of penetration for viral infection?

A

Fusion and pinocytosis

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12
Q

Enveloped viruses usually penetrate the host cell by ____

A

fusion

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13
Q

During penetration, the ____ and/or ____ is removed from the virus

A

envelope, capsule

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14
Q

Virus and its nucleic acids are released into the ____ upon penetration

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

Describe how DNA viruses replicate in host cells

A
  • Use the host cell’s DNA polymerase to produce viral DNA

- Occurs in nucleus

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16
Q

Describe how RNA viruses replicate in host cells

A
  • Uses own RNA polymerase to produce viral RNA

- Occurs in cytoplasm

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17
Q

Describe how RNA retroviruses replicate in host cells

A
  • Uses own reverse transcriptase in the capsid to produce viral RNA
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18
Q

Replicated viral RNA/DNA have new ____

A

nucleocapsids

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19
Q

If an enveloped virus, the envelope is ____ into the host cell’s plasma membrane and ____

A

inserted, buds

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20
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of infection?

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A

Productive/acute, latent, and chronic infection

21
Q

Describe productive/acute infections

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A
  • Virus replicates
  • Produces virions
  • Host cell often killed = lytic infection
22
Q

Describe latent infections

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A
  • Viral genome persists but doesn’t replicate
  • Provirus
  • Herpes, HIV
23
Q

Describe chronic infections

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A
  • Virus replicates without destroying host cell

- Persists for long period of time

24
Q

What are the symptoms of acute infection for chickenpox

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A

Fever, itchy rash on trunk and head

25
How is chickenpox transmitted?
Direct contact, droplet and airborne if scratched
26
For chickenpox, skin is always present in ____ stages of lesion
different
27
Describe latent infection of chickenpox
Virus is present in the ganglion, but not replicating, until triggered and reactivates
28
What are 2 complications of chickenpox?
Secondary bacterial infection and CNS disease
29
What are 2 methods to prevent chickenpox?
Active and passive immunization
30
Describe active immunization
- Live attenuated vaccine | - Highly protective, memory cells produced
31
Describe passive immunizations
- Effective up to 3 days post-exposure | - Mainly for immunocompromised and neonates
32
What is shingles/zoster?
Reactivation of chickenpox
33
What are the symptoms of shingles?
Skin rash (2-5 weeks) and pain
34
What is a complication of shingles?
Post herpetic neuralgia (PHN)
35
Describe PHN
- Pain persists from months to years | - Can cause permanent nerve damage
36
How to treat PHN?
Give antiviral (acyclovir) within 48-72 hours
37
Oncogenic virus can transform normal host cells into:
Cancer cells
38
What are the 2 methods in viral diagnosis?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culturing
39
What are prions?
Misfolded protein that act as infectious agents in susceptible animals
40
____ prion disease is always fatal
Human
41
What are the symptoms of human prion disease:
- Ataxia (losing balance) - Cortical visual symptoms - Dementia - Myoclonus: sudden muscle jerks - Akinetic mutism: inability to speak
42
What are the 4 antiviral drugs discussed in class?
Fuzeon, acyclovir, HAART (Highly active antiretroviral therapy), tamiflu
43
What is the function of fuzeon?
Stops fusion of HIV into cells
44
What is the function of acyclovir
Stops replication of herpes viruses by interfering with viral DNA polymerase
45
What is the function of HAART?
A combination of antiviral drugs for stopping the replication of HIV
46
What is the function of tamiflu?
Stops budding/release of influenza
47
For small pox, the skin is always present in ____ stages of lesion
identical
48
What are some examples of prion diseases?
Mad cow disease, scrapie in sheep, CJD & vCJD in humans
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