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Ophthalmology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does aqueous fluid do for the anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity?

A

Provide nutrients and oxygen to the lens and the cornea

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2
Q

Aqueous fluid is produced from?

A

Ciliary Processes in the posterior chamber

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3
Q

Vitreous fluid is produced from?

A

Non-pigmented area of the ciliary body

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4
Q

OIA and CN of Superior Oblique

A

O- Sphenoid bone
I- Sclera deep to the superior rectus
A- Depresses, intorsion, and abducts eye

Innervated by the Trochlear Nerve (CN4)

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5
Q

OIA and CN of Inferior Oblique

A

O- Anterior part of orbit floor
I- Sclera deep to the inferior rectus
A- Abduct, elevates, and extortion of eye

Innervated by the Oculomotor Nerve (CN3)

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6
Q

OIA and CN of Superior Rectus

A

O- Tendinous ring
I- Sclera behind the corneoscleral junction
A- Elevates, adduction, and intorsion of the eye

Innervation by the Oculomotor Nerve (CN3)

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7
Q

OIA and CN of Inferior Rectus

A

O- Tendinous ring
I- Sclera behind the corneoscleral junction
A- Depresses, adducts, and extortion of the eye

Innervated by the Oculomotor Nerve (CN3)

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8
Q

OIA and CN of the Medial Rectus

A

O- Tendinous ring
I- Sclera behind the corneoscleral junction
A- Adduction of the eye

Innervated by the Oculomotor Nerve (CN3)

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9
Q

OIA and CN of the Lateral Rectus

A

O- Tendinous Ring
I- Sclera behind the corneoscleral junction
A- Abduction of the eye

Innervated by the Abducens Nerve (CN6)

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10
Q

What happens to the pupil when a light is shown into the eye for afferent pupillary defect?

A

The affected pupil will dilate.

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11
Q

What diseases can affect the pupillary reflex?

A

Alcoholism
Encephalitis
CNS syphilis

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12
Q

Define Conjugate Gaze

A

Use of both eyes to look steadily at an object

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13
Q

Define saccadic eye movements

A

Small jumping movements that represent rapid shift in conjugate gaze orientation

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14
Q

Nystagmus

A

Sequence of slow ocular rotation and/or a saccade

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15
Q

Activity of the pupil and lens during sympathetic activity.

A

Pupil- dilate

Lens- will “flatten”

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16
Q

Activity of the pupil and lens during parasympathetic activity.

A

Pupil- contract

Lens- will bulge

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17
Q

Emmetropia

A

Normal vision- refracts the image perfectly on to the retina

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18
Q

Presbyopia

A

Old Eyes- lens become thicker & less elastic

Need bifocals

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19
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness- refracts image behind the retina (need a convex lens)

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20
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness- refracts image in front of the retina (need a concave/divergent lens)

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21
Q

Disease of the peripheral retina produces what type of color blindness?

A

Blue color blindness

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22
Q

Disease of the central retina produces what type of color blindness?

A

Red/Green color blindness

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23
Q

What is the normal intraocular pressure?

A

12-20 mmHg

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24
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye
Dullness or obscurity of sight for no apparent reason
Can lead to strabismus

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25
Strabismus
Eye misalignment caused by an imbalance in the muscles holding the eyeball
26
Anisometropia
Condition of the eyes in which the eyes have unequal refractive power
27
Aphakia
Absence of the lens of the eye
28
Asthenopia
Eye strain
29
Convergence
Turning both eyes inwards so that they are both "aimed" towards a near object
30
Cycloplegia
Paralysis of the ciliary muscles of the eye resulting in a loss of accommodation- can not focus on near by objects
31
Diplopia
Double Vision
32
Exophthalmos
Bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit
33
Floaters
Light spots or streaks and dark moving specks due to the vitreous traction on the retinal and solid vitreous material or blood
34
Hemianopia
Blindness or reduction in vision in one half of the visual field due to damage of the optic pathways in the brain
35
Hyphema
Collection of blood usually in the anterior chamber- usually lying on the inferior portion of the iris
36
Hypopyon
Collection of pus usually in the anterior chamber
37
Limbus
The edge of the cornea where it joins the sclera
38
Chemosis
The swelling of the conjunctiva
39
Papilledema
Swelling of the optic disc caused by increased cranial pressure
40
Pterygium
A painless non-cancerous growth of the conjunctiva that lays over the sclera and extends onto the cornea
41
Pinguecula
A non-cancerous yellowish-brown subconjunctival elevation composed of degenerated elastic tissue
42
Ptosis
Dropping eyelid caused by weakness of the levator palpebral, damage to the oculomotor nerve, or looseness of the skin of the upper eyelids
43
Miosis
Constriction of the pupil
44
Mydriasis
Dilation of the pupil
45
Nystagmus
Vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements, often resulting in reduced vision
46
Synechia
Eye condition where the iris adheres to either the cornea or lens
47
Scotoma
Area or island of loss or impairment of vision surrounded by a field of normal vision
48
Scintillating scotoma
Usually begins as a spot of flickering light near or in the center of the visual fields- can expand into shimmering arcs of white or colored flashes
49
Diopter
Unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens
50
Drusen
Tiny yellow or white accumulations of extracellular material build up between Bruch's membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye
51
Keratoconus
Degenerative disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a conical shape then a normal curve
52
Retinitis Pigmentosa
An inherited degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment due to progressive degeneration of rod photoreceptor cells in the retina
53
OD- Oculus Dexter
Right eye
54
OS- Oculus Sinister
Left eye
55
OU- Oculus Uterque
Both eyes
56
Astigmatism
Condition which the eye does not focus light evenly on to the retina
57
Contraindications of refractive surgery
People with autoimmune disorders, pregnant women, people with wound healing issues, diabetic patients, patients who have had keratoconjunctivitis sick, exposure keratitis, neurotrophic keratitis, lid disorder affecting the tear layer (bells palsy or ptosis), history of herpetic keratitis, abnormal shaped cornea, severe rosacea
58
Culprits of bacterial conjunctivitis
Staph aureus Strep pneumo H. Influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis
59
Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis
Cool compresses 2-6 times per day, antibiotic depending on age
60
Describe viral conjunctivitis
Burning, sandy, or gritty feeling-not usually pain
61
Treatment for viral conjunctivitis
Supportive measures, out of school/work, cool compresses
62
Treatment for allergic conjunctivitis
Avoid irritant Lubricating drops Cool compresses OTC antihistamines- can dry out eyes
63
Characteristics of N. Gonorrhoeae conjunctivitis
Profuse purulent discharge | Fever, redness, irritation, tenderness to palpation, tender lymph nodes
64
What is dacrocystitis?
Blockage of the nasolacrimal duct
65
Treatment for dacrocystitis
``` Warm compresses Oral Antibiotics (Bactrim, Clindamyacin) ```
66
Treatment for dacrostenosis
Massage 4-5 times a day | Probing
67
What is a hordeolum?
Localized infection of the eyelid margin involving either hair follicles or meibomian glands (rare)
68
How does a hordeolum present?
Painful, erythematous, localized mass | Can arise as a complication of blepharitis
69
How to treat hordeolum?
Usually drains itself within few days Warm compresses 2-3 times per day for 10 minutest Systemic antibiotics when inflammation has spread I&D
70
What is a chalazion?
Meibomian gland lipogranuloma- painless nodule
71
Treatment for a chalazion
``` Hot compress (breaks up oil) Injection of corticosteroid/surgery in extreme cases ```
72
What is blepharitis?
Inflammation involving the structures of the lid margin
73
Treatment of blepharitis
Warm compresses Washing of eyelid margin Antibiotic ointment (exacerbations)
74
What is ectropion?
Eversion of the eyelid margin away from the globe
75
Treatment of ectropion
Artificial tears, surgery
76
What is entropion?
Inversion of the eyelid margin towards the globe
77
Treatment of entropion
Taping the lower lid Botox Surgery

Ophthalmology (1 decks)

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