Flashcards in Week 1 (minus anatomy) Deck (35):
1
What is osmolarity?
The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution.
2
What is osmolarity measured in?
osmol/l or mosmol/l
3
Which two factors need to be known for osmolarity to be calculated?
The amount of osmotically active particles present
The molar concentration of a solution.
4
Calculate the osmolarity of 150nM of NaCL
NaCl is two osmotically active particles.
Therefore 150 x2 = 300osmol/l
5
Calculate the osmolarity of 100nM of MgCl(2)
3 x 100 =300osmol/l
6
What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality?
Osmolality has the units osmol/kg of water. However the two are interchangeable at concentrations of weak solutions (like bodily fluids).
7
What is a hypertonic solution?
It gives away water.
8
What is a hypotonic solution?
It takes in water
9
What is a isotonic solution?
Net movement of water is equal.
10
How is the total body water divided up?
33% extracellular fluid
67% intracellular fluid
11
What makes up extracellular fluid?
Plasma volume
Interstitial fluid
Lymph
12
How would you go about measuring different compartments?
Specific tracers can measure different body compartment volumes.
Insulin can measure extracellular volume
Labelled albumin can measure plasma
Tritilated water measures total body volume
13
How would you work out intercellular volume using tracers?
Total body vol= intracellular plus extracellular.
Using tracers you can find out TBV and EC therefore you can work out IC.
14
How would you use the dilution principle to work out volume of distribution?
You could put a known volume of tracer (42mg) in an unknown volume of liquid.
Mix it around for it to reach equilibrium
Then extract a 5ml sample. Work out the concentration of the tracer in this volume. Example tracer concentration = 0.005mg/5ml therefore 0.001/ml therefore 1mg/l of tracer.
Then using V (litres)= Dose/sample conc
You can work out 42/1mg/l = 42 litres. (uses volume = mass/concentration)
15
What is insensible water loss?
Water lost that can't be helped. Not by sweating or anything but simple diffusion into the environment or lost in breath.
16
What is sensible water loss?
Sweat- depends on the activity we are doing
Faeces water loss
Lost in urine.
17
Why can't the kidneys maintain water balance?
The kidneys need to produce urine to excrete certain waste products that can't be excreted any other way. So they can compensate for water loss to a certain extent by lowering urine production but they can't completely stop it.
18
Describe the distribution of Na, K, Cl, and HCO3 intracellularly and extracellularly.
ICF- ECF
Na. 10 140
K 140 4
Cl 7 115
HCO3 10 28
19
What would happen if solute concentration (osmolarity concentration) increased extracellularly?
Water would move out of the cell to try and maintain a constant concentration.
20
What would happen if solute concentration (osmolarity concentration) decreased extracellularly?
Water would move into the cell to try and balance the concentrations.
21
Name the three challenges to fluid homeostasis in the body
Gain or loss of NaCl
Gain or loss of isotonic solution
Gain or loss of water.
22
Why is sodium so important in balance of fluid in the body?
90% of the osmotic concentration of the ECF results from the presence of sodium.
Major determinant of ECF volume.
23
What affect can fluctuations in potassium cause?
It can have a detrimental affect on muscle function and cardiac function due to it being key in establishing membrane potential.
Loss of potassium leads to muscle weakness which can result in paralysis
And cardiac abnormalities which can lead to cardiac arrest.
24
What level is the right renal hilum at?
L1/L2
25
What level is the left renal hilum at?
L1
26
What are the contents of the renal hilum and where in the renal hilum to they sit respective to each other?
Posteriorly- renal pelvis
Middle- renal artery
Anteriorly- renal vein
Also lymphatics, nerves and renal sinus fat sit in there.
27
Pro's and cons for ultrasound imaging of the kidney?
Pro's
- renal size
-shows cortical scarring
-can appreciate calculi (renal stones)
-cheap
Cons
-User dependent
-limited characterisation of focal lesions
-no contrast medium.
28
Pros and cons of using CT to image the kidney
Pros
-quick
-allows vascular assessment
-charaterises most pathologies
-multiplanar imaging possible
Cons
High dose ionising radiation
Contrast induced nephropathy
29
Is it best to detect calculi before or after contrast injection in a CT scan
Before
30
When you add contrast to a CT scan, what does it enhance you seeing?
Cortical enhancement at 25-70 seconds after IV injection of contrast
Nephrographic enhancement at 80-180 seconds after IV injection. Renal medulla and cortex enhance equally
Excretory at 5-15 minutes after IV injection. Gives opacification of the renal collecting system and ureters.
31
What is nephrocalcinosis?
A disorder where there is too much calcium deposited in the kidneys
32
What is nephrolithiasis?
Kidney stones- Small deposits that build up in the kidney made of calcium, phosphate and other components of food.
33
When is nepholithiasis best detected?
Pre contrast.
34
What 3 fundamental spaces are in the retroperitoneum?
What separates them?
Anterior pararenal
Perirenal- enclosed by renal fascia
Posterior pararenal
They are divided by renal fascia- anterior renal fascia (Gerota's fascia), posterior renal fascia and Zuckerkandels fascia.
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