Week 1: Monday

Question 1

What is the primary role of the CVS?

Answer 1

transport

Question 2

What are the two modes of transportation

Answer 2

1. diffusion
2. bulk flow

Question 3

what is diffusion

Answer 3

• slow over short distances
• passive
• primary mechanism for which dissolved substances move across vessel walls

capillaries

Question 4

what is bulk flow

Answer 4

• rapid flow over long distances
• requires energy

Question 5

what are the 5 components of the CVS and their functions

Answer 5

1. heart - the pump
2. vasculature - transport
3. lymphatics - maintain fluid homeostasis
4. blood - carries nutrients, gases, hormones, antibodies, and waste
5. associated organs - spleen, kidney, bone marrow, liver

Question 6

what are thoracic sacs

Answer 6

• thorax is compartmentalized by membranes
• distinct functions for the function of heart and lungs
• two plural sacs (around lungs) with different regions
• sac surrounding the heart

Question 7

what are the 4 different regions of the plural sacs

Answer 7

1. costal parietal pleura
2. diaphragmatic parietal pleura
3. mediastinal parietal pleura
4. visceral pleura

Question 8

where is the heart located

Answer 8

within themediastinum of the thorax

Question 9

what are the functions of the pericardium

Answer 9

• protect the heart against friction during beating
• anchor the heart
• act as a barrier against the spread of disease

Question 10

what is the function of the heart

Answer 10

• pump blood
• keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separated
• respond to altered physiological demands

Question 11

why does the left ventricular wall thicker than the right

Answer 11

it needs to pump blood into aorta which pumps blood to entire body

Question 12

heart valves are responsible for ____ blood flow

Answer 12

unidirectional

Question 13

what are the 2 atrioventricular (AV) valves and what do they contain

Answer 13

• tricuspid and mitral valves
• papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

Question 14

what is the function of chordae tendineae

Answer 14

to prevent valve from opening backward during systolic contraction

Question 15

what are the 2 semilunar valves and what do they lack

Answer 15

• aortic and pulmonic
• lack chordae tendineae

Question 16

what does the intervenous tubercle do

Answer 16

directs blood from the venae cavae ventrally towards the atrioventricular ostium

Question 17

what does the trabeculae carneae do

Answer 17

reduce turbulence in the ventricles

Question 18

what is the cardiac skeleton

Answer 18

• encircles valve openings and separates atria from ventricles
• serves as an attachment site for valves and cardiac muscle
• the trigone can ossify
• act as electrical insulator

Question 19

electrical activoty in cardiac muscle is ____

Answer 19

myogenic

Question 20

what does myogenic mean

Answer 20

can spontaneously depolarize on its own

Question 21

where are action potentials in the heart initiated

Answer 21

sinoatrial node (SA node)

Question 22

what does the travecula septomarginalis (moderator band) do

Answer 22

provides a shortcut in the conducting pathways

Question 23

what does nutritional blood supply do

Answer 23

nourishes the organ so it can function

Question 24

what are the nutritional blood supplies of the heart, lungs, and liver

Answer 24

• heart: coronary arteries
• lungs: bronchial arteries
• liver: hepatic artery

Question 25

what is functional blood supply

Answer 25

involved with organs function

Question 26

what are the function blood supplies of the heart, lungs, and liver

Answer 26

* heart: venae caveae and pulmonary veins * lungs: pulmonic arteries * liver: portal vein

Question 27

what is the coronary circulation

Answer 27

* coronary arteries feed the heart * differences in the coronary patterns across (and within) species

Question 28

what does the vasculature serve to do

Answer 28

* transport substances throughout body * help regulate blood pressure * direct blood to areas where its needed most * aid in homeostasis (temp, water balance)

Question 29

the CVS is a ____ system

Answer 29

closed

Question 30

what is the pulmonic circuit

Answer 30

* all vessels within the lungs * vessles connecting lungs with heart * blood flows in series

Question 31

what is the systemic circuit

Answer 31

* the vasculature throughout the rest of body * blood flows in parallel * venous side (volume reservoir) * arterial side (pressure reservoir)

Question 32

what supplies blood to the large vessels

Answer 32

vasa vasorum

Question 33

what is countercurrent exchange

Answer 33

temp conservation, solute balance, local hormone signaling

Question 34

what is cavernous tissue

Answer 34

found in erectile tissue

Question 35

what are portal systems

Answer 35

blood flows from one capillary bed straight to another without first returning to the heart/pulmonary circuit

Question 36

what are vascular anastomoses

Answer 36

* arterio-arterial anastomosis * veno-venous anastomosus * arterio-venous anastomosis connection between to vesses - like a bypass

Question 37

in postnatal mammals what to arteries do

Answer 37

blood away from heart, oxygenated (systemic circuit)

Question 38

in postnatal mammals what do veins do

Answer 38

bring blood toward the heart, deoxygenated (systemic circuit)

Question 39

describe circulation in the fetus

Answer 39

* oxygenated blood enters the fetus from the placenta via the umbilical vein * deoxygenated blood moves to the placenta via the umbilical arteries

Question 40

what is the ductus venosus in the fetus

Answer 40

* blood bypasses the liver * becomes the ligamentum venosum in adults

Question 41

what is the ductus arteriosus in the fetus

Answer 41

* blood bypasses the lungs * becomes the ligament arteriosum in adults

Question 42

what is the foramen ovale in the fetus

Answer 42

* blood bypasses the lungs * becomes the fossa ovalis in adults

Question 43

what do the umbilical arteries do in the fetus

Answer 43

* return blood to placenta * becomes the round ligament of the bladder in adults

Question 44

what do umbilical veins do in the fetus

Answer 44

* brings blood from the placenta * becomes the round ligament of the liver in adults

Question 45

what is blood

Answer 45

* connective tissue * medium for transport * helps maintain homeostasis

Question 46

what is blood composed of

Answer 46

1. platelets 2. cells (erythrocytes - RBC)

Question 47

what is the lifecycle of a RBC

Answer 47

1. made in bone marrow & triggered to be made by erythropoitetin thats released by kidneys 2. kidneys produce EPO that riggers bone marrow to make RBC 3. bone marrow releases reticulocytes into bloodstream - mature into erythrocytes that circulate for 120 days 4. old and dammaged erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages in bone marrow, liver, and spleen 5. globin of hemoglobin is metabolized into amino acids and reused in protein synthesis 6. heme portion broken down into biliverdin for transport in blood

Question 48

how to evaluate RBC in blood

Answer 48

* clinicians evalutate froma kinetic and morphological approach: * concentration/amount * size * color

Question 49

what are some RBC measurements and indices

Answer 49

* RBC count (cells/L or uL) * hematocrit/packed cell volume (% of RBC in whole blood) * blood hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) * mean corpuscular volume (fL or um^3) * mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg/cell) * mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (g/dL)

Question 50

what are the 3 causes of anemia

Answer 50

1. inappropriate removal/destruction of RBC 2. inappropriate production of RBC 3. excessive blood loss

Question 51

what are the two types of anemia

Answer 51

1. regenerative 2. non-regenerative