Week 3 formative test

Question 1

Define what is meant by hindsight bias ?

Answer 1

Also known as the know it all effect, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.

Question 2

Define what is meant by omission bias

Answer 2

It is the tendency to judge harmful actions as worse, or less moral than equally harmful omissions (inactions) because actions are more obvious than inactions.

Question 3

Define what is meant by anchoring

Answer 3

Anchoring is “the tendency to perceptually lock onto salient features in the patient’s initial presentation too early in the diagnostic process, and failing to adjust this initial impression in the light of later information”.

Question 4

Define what is meant by overconfidence bias

Answer 4

A well-established bias in which a person’s subjective confidence in his or her judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high.

Question 5

Define what is meant by Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 5

Is the claim that, in contrast to interpretations of their own behavior, people place undue emphasis on internal characteristics of the agent (character or intention), rather than external factors, in explaining other people’s behavior

Question 6

Define what is meant by ascertainment bias

Answer 6

Is a term in population genetics that describes systematic deviations from an expected theoretical result attributable to the sampling processes used to find (ascertain) SNPs and measure (estimate) their population-specific allele frequencies.

Question 7

Define what is meant by the framing effect

Answer 7

Where people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented; e.g. as a loss or as a gain.

Question 8

Define what is meant by availability

Answer 8

Availability is “the disposition to judge things as being more likely, or frequently occurring, if they readily come to mind”.

Question 9

Define what is meant by aggregate bias

Answer 9

Aggregation bias leads to the conclusion that what is true for the group must be true for the sub-group or individual.

Question 10

Compression bandages should be used to treat all ulcers below the knee -T/F?

Answer 10

False - Compression bandages should NOT be used in ulcers where the cause is arterial.

Question 11

What is the common presentation of dermatofibromas ?

Answer 11

• Usually appear on the lower legs, but may appear on the arms or trunk
• May be red, pink, purplish, gray or brown and may change color over time
• May be as small as a BB pellet but rarely grow larger than a fingernail
• Are often painless but may be tender, painful or itchy
• Usually dimple inward when pinched

Question 12

What is the skin lesion shown ?

Answer 12

Dermatofibroma

Question 13

What are the common sign/symptoms of melanocytic naevi ?

Answer 13

Usually asymptomatic but some may be itchy

Usually present as single or multi-shaded, round or oval shaped pigmented patches. They may have increased hair growth (hyertrichosis). The surface may be slightly rough or bumpy.

Question 14

What type of skin lesion is shown?

Answer 14

Melanocytic naevi

Question 15

What are the common signs/symtoms of malignant melanomas ?

Answer 15

• A is for Asymmetry: One half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other.
• B is for Border: The edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred.
• C is for Color: The color is not the same all over and may include different shades of brown or black, or sometimes with patches of pink, red, white, or blue.
• D is for Diameter: The spot is larger than 6 millimeters across (about ¼ inch – the size of a pencil eraser), although melanomas can sometimes be smaller than this.
• E is for Evolving: The mole is changing in size, shape, or color

A sore that doesn’t heal

Spread of pigment from the border of a spot into surrounding skin

Redness or a new swelling beyond the border of the mole

Change in sensation, such as itchiness, tenderness, or pain

Change in the surface of a mole – scaliness, oozing, bleeding, or the appearance of a lump or bump

.

Question 16

Diagnose the skin lesion shown

Answer 16

Superifical spreading malignant melanoma

Question 17

What are BCC’s particularly prevalent in ?

Answer 17

Elderly males

Question 18

What are the common signs/symptoms of BCC’s ?

Answer 18

• Slowly growing plaque or nodule
• Skin coloured, pink or pigmented
• Varies in size from a few millimetres to several centimetres in diameter
• Spontaneous bleeding or ulceration

Question 19

Diagnose the skin lesion shown

Answer 19

Superficial basal cell carcinoma

Question 20

What are the common signs/symptoms of superficial basal cell carcinoma ?

Answer 20

• Most common type on upper trunk and shoulders
• Slightly scaly, irregular plaque
• Thin, translucent rolled border
• Multiple microerosions

Question 21

What are the risks for developing SCC?

Answer 21

• Age and gender: SCCs are particularly prevalent in elderly males. However, they also affect females and younger adults.
• Previous SCC or other form of skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma, melanoma)
• Actinic keratoses
• Outdoor occupation or recreation
• Smoking
• Fair skin, blue eyes and blond or red hair
• Previous cutaneous injury, thermal burn, disease (eg cutaneous lupus, epidermolysis bullosa, leg ulcer)
• Inherited syndromes: SCC is a particular problem for families with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism
• Other risk factors include ionising radiation, exposure to arsenic, and immune suppression due to disease (eg chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) or medicines. Organ transplant recipients have a massively increased risk of developing SCC.

Question 22

What are the common clinical features of SCC’s?

Answer 22

• They grow over weeks to months
• They may ulcerate
• They are often tender or painful
• Located on sun-exposed sites, particularly the face, lips, ears, hands, forearms and lower legs

Question 23

What is the most likely diagnosis of the skin lesion shown (hint think about the area it is presenting)

Answer 23

SSC

Question 24

What are the clinical features of Bowen’s disease (intraepidermal squamous cel carcinoma)?

Answer 24

• Presents as one or more irregular scaly plaques
• Most often diagnosed on sun-exposed sites of the ears, face, hands and lower legs.

Question 25

When carrying out an elliptical excision, to provide the best cosmetic results at what degree to the surface of the skin should you cut ?

Answer 25

90 degrees