Chapter 7: Osseous Tissue Flashcards
Functions of the Skeleton
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Electrolyte Balance
- Acid-Base Balance
- Blood Formation
The hardening process of matrix in osseous tissue is called what?
mineralization or calcification
Most of the cranial bones are in the form of thin curved plates called____ _______, such as the paired parietal bones that form the dome of the top of the head. The sternum, scapula, ribs, and hip bones are also_______ ______.
flat bones
The most important bones in body movement are the ______ _______ of the limbs—the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges. ________ _______ also serve as rigid levers that are acted upon by skeletal muscles to produce the major body movements.
long bones
Bones of the wrists and ankles that are approximately equal in length and width which produce relatively limited gliding movements. The patella is also an example.
short bones
Other bones that do not fit in the categories of other bones such as the vertebrae and three tiny ear bones.
irregular bones
Shaft of a bone
diaphysis
Head at each end of bone
epiphysis
The joint surface where one bone meets another is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage called the______ _______.
articular cartilage
Blood vessels penetrate into the bone through minute holes called ________ _________.
nutrient foramina
Bone is covered with a sheath called _________.
periosteum
Collagen fibers of the outer layer that penetrate into the bone matrix are called ___________ _______.
perforating fibers
A thin layer of connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity, covers all honeycomb surfaces of spongy bone, and lines the canal system in compact bone is called ___________.
endosteum
Composed of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis and is a zone where bone elongation takes place is called the _____________ ________.
epiphyseal plate
The spongy layer in the cranium is called ______.
diploe
Stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and then give rise to most other bone cell types that are found in the endosteum and inner layer of the periosteum and multiply continually, and some go on to become osteoblasts are called _________ ______.
osteogenic cells
Bone forming cells are called _________.
osteoblasts
Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they have deposited that reside in lacunae that are connected canaliculi are called __________.
osteocytes
Functions of osteocytes
- Resorb bone matrix
- Deposit bone matrix
- Contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of both bone density & blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions
- Strain sensors
Bone-dissolving cells on the bone surfaces that develop from the same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to the blood cells are called __________.
osteoclasts
Deep infoldings of the plasma membrane located on the side of the osteoclast facing the bone surface whose function is to increase cell surface area and thus enhances the efficiency of bone resorption is called the __________ _________.
ruffled border
The pits that osteoclasts often reside in that they have etched into the bone surface are called _________ _____.
resorption bays or Howship lacunae
Crystallized calcium phosphate
hydroxyapatite
A combination of two basic structural materials that can combine the optimal mechanical properties of each component is called a _________.
composite
Onionlike layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central canal (haversian canal) and connected with each other by canaliculi are called ___________ __________.
concentric lamellae
The basic structural unit of compact bone composed of a central canal and its lamellae is called an ________. Also known as a cylinder of tissue surrounding a central canal.
osteon
Along their length, central canals are joined by transverse or diagonal passages called __________ ______.
perforating canals or Volkmann canals
The inner and outer boundaries of dense bone are arranged in _______________ __________ that run parallel to the bone surface.
circumferential lamellae
Between osteons there are irregular regions that contain the remains of old osteons that broke down as the bone grew and remodeled itself. These regions are called _________ ________.
interstitial lamellae
Type of bone that consists of lattice of delicate slivers of bone called spicules and trabeculae. Although calcified and hard, it is named for its spongelike appearance.
spongy bone
