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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

4 ways of examining structure of the human body

A
  • Inspection
  • Palpation
  • Auscultation
  • Percussion
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2
Q

Cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships

A

Cadaver Dissection

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3
Q

Study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and to analyze evolutionary trends

A

Comparative anatomy

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4
Q

Opening of the body to look inside

A

Exploratory Surgery

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5
Q

Viewing inside the body without surgery

A

Medical Imaging

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6
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging

A

Radiology

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7
Q

Study of structures that can be seen with naked eye

A

Gross Anatomy

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8
Q

Study of structure and function of cells

A

Cytology

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9
Q

Study of tissues and examination of cells with microscope

A

Histology (Microscopic Anatomy)

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10
Q

Molecular detail seen in electron microscope

A

Ultrastructure

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11
Q

Microscope examination of tissues for signs of disease

A

Histopathology

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12
Q

Subdisciplines of physiology

A
  • Neurophysiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathophysiology
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13
Q

Type of physiology that is the study of different species to learn about bodily function and is the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures

A

Comparative physiology

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14
Q

Greek physician who established a code of ethics also known as the “father of medicine”

A

Hippocrates

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15
Q

Published the first atlas of anatomy in 1543

A

Andreas Vesalius

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16
Q

First to see and named ‘cells’ Also made many improvements to compound microscope and his microscopes magnified only 30x.

A

Robert Hooke

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17
Q

Physician to the Roman gladiators who wrote the most influential medical textbook

A

Galen

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18
Q

Invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics (200x) and also published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings, and many other things.

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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19
Q

First tenet of cell theory which was considered as the most important breakthrough in biomedical history,

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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20
Q

Hierarchy of complexity

A
  • Organism
  • Organ System
  • Organ
  • Tissues
  • Cells
  • Organelles
  • Molecules
  • Atoms
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21
Q

Characteristics of life

A
  • Organization
  • Cellular composition
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness and movement
  • Homeostasis
  • Reproduction
  • Evolution
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22
Q

The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

A

Homeostasis

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23
Q

When the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it.

A

Negative feedback loop

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24
Q

Self amplifying cycle that leads to a greater change in the same direction; feedback loop is repeated.

A

Positive feedback loop

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25
Q

3 Components of a feedback loop

A
  • Receptor
  • Integrating Control Center
  • Effector
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26
Q

Penetrate tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body, dense tissue appears white, over half of all medical imaging, and until 1960s, it was the only method widely available.

A

X-rays

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27
Q

Injected or swallowed, fill hollow structures such as blood vessels or intestinal tract.

A

Radiopaque substances

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28
Q

Low intensity X rays and computer analysis, slice type image, and increased sharpness of image. Formerly called CAT scan.

A

Computed Tomography (CT scan)

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29
Q

Assesses metabolic state of tissue

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

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30
Q

Slice type image Superior quality to CT scan Best for soft tissue

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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31
Q

Uses high-frequency sound waves that echo back from internal organs, avoids harmful x rays, is second oldest and second most widely used but the image is not very sharp

A

Sonography

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32
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Person stands erect Feet flat on floor Arms at sides Palms, face, and eyes facing forward

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33
Q

Supination

A

Palms face forward or upward Radius and Ulna are parallel

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34
Q

Pronation

A

Palms face rearward or downward Radius and Ulna are crossed

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35
Q

Implies actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy

A

Sectional

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36
Q

Implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body

A

Plane

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37
Q

Plane that passes vertically through the body/organ and divides it into left and right portions

A

Sagittal/Median

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38
Q

Plane that divides body or organ into two equal halves

A

Midsaggital

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39
Q

Plane that extends vertically but is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

A

Frontal/Coronal

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40
Q

Plane that passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

A

Transverse/Horizontal

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41
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Toward the front or belly

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42
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Towards the back or spine

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43
Q

Superior

A

Above

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44
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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45
Q

Cranial/Cephalic

A

Toward the head or superior head

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46
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the median plane

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47
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment

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48
Q

Distal

A

Farther away from the point of attachment or origin

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49
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle (median plane)

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50
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail or inferior end

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51
Q

Deep

A

Farther from the body surface

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52
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the body surface

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53
Q

Axial

A

Relating to head, neck, and trunk; the axis of the body

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54
Q

Appendicular

A

Relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis

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55
Q

Abdominal

A

Pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs

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56
Q

Acromial

A

Pertaining to the point of the shoulder

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57
Q

Antebrachial

A

Pertaining to the forearm

58
Q

Cubital

A

Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow

59
Q

Axillary

A

Pertaining to the armpit

60
Q

Brachial

A

Pertaining to the arm

61
Q

Buccal

A

Pertaining to the cheek

62
Q

Carpal

A

Pertaining to the wrist

63
Q

Cephalic

A

Pertaining to the head

64
Q

Cervical

A

Pertaining to the neck region

65
Q

Coxal

A

Pertaining to the hip

66
Q

Crural

A

Pertaining to the leg

67
Q

Digital

A

Pertaining to the fingers or toes

68
Q

Femoral

A

Pertaining to the thigh

69
Q

Fibular/Peroneal

A

Pertaining to the side of the leg

70
Q

Frontal

A

Pertaining to the forehead

71
Q

Inguinal

A

Pertaining to the groin

72
Q

Mental

A

Pertaining to the chin

73
Q

Nasal

A

Pertaining to the nose

74
Q

Oral

A

Pertaining to the mouth

75
Q

Orbital

A

Pertaining to the eye socket

76
Q

Palmar

A

Pertaining to the palm of the hand

77
Q

Patellar

A

Pertaining to the anterior knee region (knee cap)

78
Q

Pedal

A

Pertaining to the foot

79
Q

Pelvic

A

Pertaining to the pelvis region

80
Q

Pubic

A

Pertaining to the genital region

81
Q

Sternal

A

Pertaining to the sternum

82
Q

Tarsal

A

Pertaining to the ankle region

83
Q

Thoracic

A

Pertaining to the chest

84
Q

Umbilical

A

Pertaining to the naval

85
Q

Calcaneal

A

Pertaining to the heel of the foot

86
Q

Gluteal

A

Pertaining to the buttocks

87
Q

Lumbar

A

Pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips

88
Q

Perineal

A

Pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia

89
Q

Plantar

A

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

90
Q

Popliteal

A

Pertaining to the back of the knee

91
Q

Sacral

A

Pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)

92
Q

Scapular

A

Pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area

93
Q

Sural

A

Pertaining to the calf

94
Q

Vertebral

A

Pertaining to the spinal column

95
Q

Nuchal

A

Pertaining to the back of the neck

96
Q

Dorsum

A

Pertaining to the back

97
Q

Interscapular

A

Pertaining to the area between the scapula or shoulder blades

98
Q

9 Regions of the abdomen

A
  • Right and Left Hypochondriac
  • Region Epigastric Region
  • Left and Right Lumbar Region
  • Umbilical Region
  • Right and Left Inguinal Region
  • Hypogastric Region
99
Q

4 Quadrants of the abdomen

A
  • Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
  • Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
  • Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
  • Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
100
Q

What cavity is this?

What is included in this cavity?

A

Abdominal Cavity

  • Digestive organs-stomach, spleen, liver, intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, ureters
  • Suprarenal glands
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Lumbar nerve plexus
101
Q

What cavity is this?

What is included in this cavity?

A

Pericardial Cavity

  • Heart
102
Q

What cavity is this?

What is included in this cavity?

A

Vertebral Cavity

  • Spinal cord
  • Meninges
  • Spinal nerve roots
  • Blood vessels
  • Fat
103
Q

What cavity is this?

What is included in this cavity?

A

Cranial cavity

  • Brain
  • Meninges
  • Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
104
Q

What cavity is this?

What is included in this cavity?

A

Pelvic Cavity

  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
  • Rectum
  • Reproductive organs-ovaries, uterus, vagina, prostate, and seminal glands
  • Loops of small intestine
  • Inferior part of Sigmoid colon
105
Q

What cavity is this?

What is included in this cavity?

A

Abdominalpelvic Cavity

  • Organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavity
106
Q

What cavity is this?

What is included in this cavity?

A

Mediastinum

  • Heart
  • Major blood vessels
  • esophagus
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • thymus
  • thoracic duct
  • pericardium
  • thoracic aorta
107
Q

What cavity is this?

What is included in this cavity?

A

Thoracic Cavity

  • Pleural cavites-Lungs
  • Pericardial cavity-Heart
  • Mediastinum-Heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and thymus
108
Q

What cavity is this?

What is included in this cavity?

A

Pleural cavity

  • Lungs
109
Q

Ventral Cavity

A
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominalpelvic cavity
110
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A
  • Cranial Cavity
  • Vertebral Cavity
111
Q

11 Organ Systems

A
  • Integumentray System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Circulatory System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratoty System
  • Urinary System
  • Digestive System
  • Reproductive System
112
Q

What organ systems are involved in protection, support, and movement?

A
  • Integumentary System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
113
Q

What organ systems are involved in internal communications and integration?

A
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
114
Q

What organ systems are involved in fluid transport?

A
  • Circulatory System
  • Lymphatic System
115
Q

What organ system is involved in defense?

A
  • Lymphatic System (Immune System)
116
Q

What organ systems are involved in input and output?

A
  • Respiratory System
  • Urinary System
  • Digestive System
117
Q

What organ systems are involved in reproduction?

A
  • Male and Female Reproductive system
118
Q

The function of this organ system is production and delivery of sperm and secretion of sex hormones.

A

Male reproductive system

119
Q

Principle functions of this organ system are production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, and secretion of sex hormones.

A

Female reproductive system

120
Q

Priniciple functions of this organ system include: elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electolyte and acid-base balance, and detoxification.

A

Urinary System

121
Q

Priniciple functions of this organ system include: recovery of excess tissue fluid, setection of pathogens, production of immune cells, and defense against disease.

A

Lymphatic System

122
Q

Principle functions of this organ system include: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, and nonverbal communication.

A

Integumentary System

123
Q

Principle functions of this organ system include: support, movement, pretoective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolye and acid-base balance.

A

Skeletal System

124
Q

Principle functions of this organ system include: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, and speech.

A

Respiratory System

125
Q

Principle functions of this organ system include: nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones, and cleansing of blood.

A

Digestive System

126
Q

Principle functions of this organ system include: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation.

A

Nervous System

127
Q

Principle functions of this organ system include: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluidm electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

A

Circulatory system

128
Q

Principle functions of this organ system inculde: hormone production, internal chemical communication, and cordination.

A

Endocrine System

129
Q

Principle functions of this organ system include: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, and heat production.

A

Muscular System

130
Q

What organ system is this?

What is included within this organ system?

A

Male Reproductive System

  • Testes
  • Epididymides
  • Spermatic ducts
  • Seminal vessicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourthral glands
  • Penis
131
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are included within this system?

A

Urinary System

  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
132
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are within this system?

A

Lymphatic System

  • Lymph nodes
  • lymphatic nodes
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • tonsils
133
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are included in this system?

A

Integumentary System

  • Skins
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Cutaneous glands
134
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are included in this system?

A

Skeletal System

  • Bones
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments
135
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are included in this system?

A

Respiratory System

  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Bronchi
136
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are included in this system?

A

Digestive System

  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small and large intestines
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
137
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs does this system include?

A

Female Reproductive System

  • Ovaries
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Mammary glands
138
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are included in this system?

A

Nervous System

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves
  • Ganglia
139
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are included in this system?

A

Circulatory System

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
140
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are included in this organ system?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Thymus
  • Adreanal glands
  • Pancreas
  • testes
  • ovaries
141
Q

What organ system is this?

What organs are included in this system?

A

Muscular system

  • Skeletal muscles

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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