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ESA1 > ToB 18 Innate and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

ToB 18 Innate and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first barrier of the human body against infection?

A

Epithelial cells

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2
Q

What is a ‘cytokine’?

A

A protein secreted by one cell type, which can alter the behaviour of other cells

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3
Q

What is a ‘chemokine’?

A

A type of cytokine (a protein), which attracts other cells, initiating chemotaxis.

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4
Q

Some pathogens can damage epithelial cells to gain entry to host. How will this epithelial cell react once damaged?

A

Becomes ‘activated’, releasing chemokines and other cytokines

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5
Q

What is an ‘activated epithelial cell’?

A

Damaged epithelial cell, which responds by secreting chemokines and other cytokines

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6
Q

How do epithelial cytokines affect capillary mesothelium?

A

Increase the permeability

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7
Q

Why is it important that epithelial cytokines increase the permeability of capillary mesothelium?

A

Allows immune cells to migrate from the blood vessels to the site of damage

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8
Q

What is ‘oponisation’?

A

The coating of a microorganism by antibodies or complement, to allow phagocytes to recognise it as foreign, stimulating/enhancing phagocytosis.

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9
Q

What are the 5 components of inflammation?

A

1) Pain
2) Swelling
3) Heat
4) Redness
5) Loss of function

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10
Q

Is a lysozyme part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

A

Innate

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11
Q

Is a lymphocyte part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

A

Adaptive

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12
Q

Is a macrophage part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

A

Innate

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13
Q

What type of immune response is non-specific and has no memory?

A

Innate immune response

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14
Q

What type of immune response is enhanced by a second exposure?

A

Adaptive immune response

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15
Q

Name the main 6 cell types necessary for an innate immune response:

A

1) Mast cells
2) Macrophages
3) Eosinophils
4) Neutrophils
5) Basophil
6) Natural Killer cells

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16
Q

How does an eosinophil differ from a neutrophil in a histology slide stained with H&E?

A

The granules within eosinophil cytoplasm take up the eosin stain so appear red, while those in neutrophils take up haematoxylin so appear purple

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17
Q

How can you distinguish between a neutrophil and a lymphocyte?

A

Neutrophils have a multiple-lobed nucleus, lymphocytes do not.
Neutrophil’s are also larger than lymphocytes.

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18
Q

What is the smallest type of leukocyte?

A

Lymphocyte

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19
Q

What is the largest type of leukocyte?

A

Macrophage

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20
Q

Name the 3 granular leukocytes:

A

1) Eosinophil
2) Basophil
3) Neutrophil

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21
Q

What is the most common type of leukocyte?

A

Neutrophil

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of phagocytes?

A

1) Macrophages

2) Neutrophils

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23
Q

Define phagocytosis:

A

The active engulfment of particles into a phagosome.

24
Q

What is required by a phagosome for digestion of the engulfed material?

A

Lysosome

25
Q

What is the 1st event of an inflammatory response?

A

Arrival of neutrophils

26
Q

Define granulocyte:

A

Type of immune cell (WBC) which contains granules in its cytoplasm, which contain enzymes for immune response.

27
Q

What allows neutrophils to recognise bacteria and initiate phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils express many different receptors specific to different bacteria types, which bind to bacteria and allow the neutrophils to engulf and digest them.

28
Q

What is the primary type of profession antigen presenting cell?

A

Macrophage

29
Q

What is the function of antigen-presentation?

A

To allow T-lymphocytes to recognise a foreign pathogen, and to stimulate an adaptive immune response

30
Q

Which type of leukocyte cannot recognise foreign pathogens?

A

T lymphocytes

31
Q

What is the complement system:

A

A part of the immune system that marks pathogens for destruction by covalently binding to their surface.

32
Q

How do natural killer cells induce apoptosis of virus-infected cells?

A

Create pores in target cells

Pump proteases through these pores into the cell

33
Q

How are T-lymphocytes distinguished from B-lymphocytes and NK cells?

A

Only T-lymphocytes express T-cell receptors (TCRs)

34
Q

People lacking NK cells are most at risk of what kind of infection?

A

Viral infections

35
Q

How do most cells activate NK cells if they become infected with a virus?

A

Release IFα and/or IFβ (interferons) if they become infected, which activate NK cells

36
Q

What type of immune cell produces the earliest response to a viral infection?

A

Natural Killer cells

37
Q

How does a viral infection stimulate NK cell activation?

A

Virus infects an epithelial cell,
causing it to become activated and release cytokines
these induce proliferation and activation of NK cells

38
Q

What 2 proteins are secreted by the innate immune system to deprive micro-organisms of iron?

A

1) Transferrin

2) Lactoferrin

39
Q

How does the secretion of Transferrin cause micro-organisms to be deprived of iron?

A

Transferrin tightly binds to iron.

40
Q

What is the antimicrobial enzyme found in sweat, tears, and saliva that can specifically break down peptidoglycan?

A

Lysosome

41
Q

What is the enzyme present in tears which breaks down peptidoglycan?

A

Lysosome

42
Q

What are the components of the complement system?

A

C1 - C9

43
Q

Which component of the complement system binds to the surface of microbes and marks them for destruction?

A

C3(b)

44
Q

Which components of the complement system recruit inflammatory cells?

A

C3(a)
C4(a)
C5(a)

45
Q

Which component of the complement system forms a pore in the microbial cell membrane?

A

C9

46
Q

Which are the most essential components of the complement system?

A

C1-4

47
Q

Define antigen:

A

Molecule that elicits a specific immune response when introduced into the body

48
Q

Which type of lymphocyte matures in the Thymus gland?

A

T-lymphocytes

49
Q

Which type of lymphocyte matures in the bone marrow?

A

B-lymphocytes

50
Q

Name the 2 types of T-lymphocytes:

A

1) T helper cells (Th)

2) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

51
Q

Which type of B-lymphocyte produces antibodies against an antigenic stimulus?

A

Plasma cells

52
Q

What is the difference between the antigen receptors expressed by B and T lymphocytes?

A

B cell antigen receptor is MEMBRANE BOUND

T cell antigen receptor is not, is a DISTINCT MOLECULE

53
Q

How many different antigen receptors are expressed by one lymphocyte?

A

One, they are very specific

54
Q

What are the 3 ways in which antibodies protect the host from infection?

A

1) Prevent bacterial adherence to epithelial cell
2) Opsonisation, promoting phagocytosis
3) Activates the complement system

55
Q

What prevents our normal gut microflora from entering our epithelial cells?

A

Antibodies (IgA) cover the bacteria preventing bacterial adherence to epithelial cells

56
Q

Why does adaptive immunity take time to become effective (compared to the almost immediate innate immunity)?

A

Adaptive immunity requires clonal selection and expansion of the lymphocytes, which must then differentiate into effector cells.

ESA1 (22 decks)

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