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ESA1 > Met 1 - Energy production > Flashcards

Met 1 - Energy production Flashcards

1
Q

Define Catabolism:

A

The breakdown of molecules to release energy

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2
Q

Breakdown of molecules via oxidation produces:

A

ATP
CO2
H20
Heat

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3
Q

Define Anabolism:

A

Uses energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

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4
Q

How many kJ are released per gram of carbohydrate?

A

~ 17 kJ/g

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5
Q

Name the 5 dietary carbohydrates:

A

1) Starch
2) Glucose
3) Fructose
4) Lactose
5) Sucrose

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6
Q

What is the normal range of fasting blood glucose in mM?

A

~ 3.3-6 mM

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7
Q

What are the 7 essential components of our diet?

A

1) Carbohydrate
2) Protein
3) Fat
4) Water
5) Fiber
6) Vitamins
7) Minerals

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8
Q

Approx. how many grams of protein should we consume per day?

A

~ 35 g/day

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9
Q

Name the 9 essential amino acids:

A

1) Isoleucine
2) Leucine
3) Threonine
4) Histidine
5) Lysine
6) Methionine
7) Phenylalanine
8) Tryptophan
9) Valine

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10
Q

How many amino acids are ‘essential’?

A

9

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11
Q

Name a ‘complete protein’, which contains all the essential amino acids:

A
  • Meat
  • Fish
  • Eggs
  • Dairy (Milk/yoghurt/whey)
  • Quinoa
  • Buckwheat
  • Hemp seeds
  • Chia seeds
  • Spirulina
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12
Q

How many of the 22 amino acids required, can be synthesised by the body?

A

13 amino acids

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13
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K

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14
Q

How many kJ are released per gram of protein?

A

~ 17 kJ/g

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15
Q

How many kJ are released per gram of fat?

A

~ 37 kJ/g

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16
Q

Name the 2 essential fatty acids:

A

1) alpha-Linoleic acid

2) Linolenic acid

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17
Q

Which 2 vitamins have antioxidant roles?

A

1) Vitamin C

2) Vitamin E

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18
Q

Which vitamins require fats to be absorbed?

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K

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19
Q

What percentage of an Adults body weight is water?

A

~ 50-60 %

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20
Q

What is the average water loss from your body per day?

A

~ 2.5 L/day

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21
Q

How is water lost from the body?

A
  • Urine
  • Faeces
  • Sweat
  • Expelled air
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22
Q

How many grams of fiber should be ingested per day?

A

~ 18 g/day

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23
Q

Approx. how many liters of water should be ingested per day?

A

~ 2-3 L

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24
Q

Why is cellulose non-digestable (fibre)?

A

Humans do not possess an enzyme to break the beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds

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25
Q

How does fibre increase metabolism of food in the GI tract?

A

It increases the SA of the gut to which substrates can bind, increasing the chance of enzymes finding them = food digested quicker.

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26
Q

A low fiber diet is a risk factor for which type of cancer?

A

Colorectal cancer

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27
Q

Daily Energy Expenditure is the sum of :

A

1- Basal Metabolic Rate
2- Diet-Induced Thermogenesis
3- Physical activity level

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28
Q

What is ‘diet-induced thermogenesis’?

A

The energy required to digest food (~10% of energy content of ingested food)

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29
Q

What is the recommended intake of a 70kg man doing moderate exercise per day in kJ?

A

~ 12,000 kJ/day

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30
Q

What is the recommended intake of a 58 kg woman doing moderate exercise per day in kJ?

A

~ 9,500 kJ/day

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31
Q

How is Basal Metabolic Rate calculated?

A

weight in kg x 100 = kJ/day

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32
Q

Why is a woman’s BMR less than a man?

A

Women have more adipose tissue than men, which is less metabolically active, so less energy expended.

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33
Q

What is the average BMR of a 70kg man in kJ/day?

A

~ 7000 kJ/day

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34
Q

What is the avergae BMR of a 58kg woman in kJ/day?

A

~ 5800 kJ/day

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35
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

(weight in kg) / (height in m)^2 = kg/m^2

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36
Q

What is the range of a healthy BMI?

A

18.5 - 24.9 kg/m^2

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37
Q

A man is classified as overweight. What range must his BMI lie within?

A

25 - 29.9 kg/m^2

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38
Q

A woman is classified as obese. What range must her BMI lie within?

A

30 - 34.9 kg/m^2

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39
Q

Severely obese is a BMI over what value?

A

35 kg/m^2

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40
Q

Why is total starvation not a preferred method of weight loss?

A

Total starvation increases protein metabolism, decreasing amount of lean tissue, and causes fats to be broken down into ketone bodies which disrupts pH

41
Q

What is the main disadvantage of using BMI to estimate health?

A

BMI may wrongly classify a muscular individual as overweight/obese

42
Q

What ratio can be used as an alternative to BMI?

A

Waist/Hip ratio

43
Q

Which body shape has a higher risk of disease and death: apple or pear?

A

Apple: Fat distribution on torso carries a higher risk.

44
Q

What name describes protein-energy malnutrition?

A

Marasmus

45
Q

What is the classic presentation of someone suffering from marasmus?

A

Child

46
Q

What name describes protein malnutrition?

A

Kwashiorkor

47
Q

What is the classic presentation of Kwashiorkor?

A 
Child
Thin discoloured hair
Ascites (distended abdomen)
Pitting oedema
Anaemia
Large fatty liver
Skin discolouration
Anorexia
Irritability
48
Q

Why is kwashiorkor common in children after they have been weaned off breast milk? (in underdeveloped countries)

A

Breast milk contains protein and essential amino acids, keeping the child healthy.
Breast milk is then often replaced with diet high in carbohydrates, but protein deficient.

49
Q

What causes the large fatty liver seen in patients with Kwashiorkor?

A

Protein deficiency:

  • Apolipoproteins cannot be synthesised
  • vLDLs cannot be synthesised
  • Lipid synthesised by liver cannot be exported to adipose
50
Q

What 4 forces contribute to Starling’s Law of the Capillary?

A

1) Hydrostatic pressure of the capillary
2) Hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid
3) Plasma oncotic pressure
4) Interstitial oncotic pressure

51
Q

Define homeostasis:

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment, via a dynamic equilibrium

52
Q

Which groups of people does the EatWell plate NOT apply to?

A
  • Children under 2yrs
  • Undernourished
  • Overnourished
53
Q

According to the EatWell plate, what percentage of our intake should be:

  • Bread/Rice/Pasta
  • Fruit/Vegetables
  • Dairy
  • Meat/Fish/Eggs/Beans
  • High in fat/sugar foods
A 
Bread/Rice/Pasta = ~ 33%
Fruit/Vegetables = ~ 33%
Dairy = ~ 15%
Meat/Fish/Eggs/Beans = ~ 12%
High in fat/sugar foods = ~ 8%
54
Q

Which is the only cell type which doesn’t synthesis cell components?

A

Red Blood Cells

55
Q

Which tissue types allow storage of nutrients?

A

Liver
Skeletal muscle
Adipose tissue

56
Q

Which tissue types allow the interconversion of nutrients?

A

Liver
Adipose tissue
Kidney cortex

57
Q

Is Catabolism oxidative or reductive?

A

Oxidative (releases H+)

58
Q

Is Anabolism oxidative or reductive?

A

Reductive (Uses H+)

59
Q

Name the 5 types of cell work which requires energy:

A
  • Mechanical work
  • Biosynthetic work
  • Transport work
  • Electrical work
  • Osmotic work
60
Q

Approx. how long can the body survive with only water intake?

A

~ 20-70 days, depends on energy stores

61
Q

Via which mechanism is ATP synthesised DIRECTLY?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

62
Q

Via which mechanism is ATP synthesised INDIRECTLY?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

63
Q

How much energy (in kJ/mol) is released when ATP —> ADP + Pi?

A

~ 37 kJ/mol

64
Q

Why is ATP a carrier of energy, not a store?

A

Due to limited amount of ATP and ADP in a cell, they must be constantly recycled

65
Q

Which reaction does Creatine Kinase catalyse?

A

Creatine + ATP —> Creatine Phosphate + ADP

66
Q

What molecule is used as a store of energy in cardiac/skeletal muscle, which provides instant energy for sprinting?

A

Creatine Phosphate

67
Q

How much energy is released from 1 mole of Creatine Phosphate? (kJ/mol)

A

~ 43 kJ/mol

68
Q

How much energy is released from 1 mole of Phosphoenolpyruvate (+ ADP —> Pyruvate + ATP)

A

~ 62 kJ/mol

69
Q

How much energy is released from 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (+ADP —> 3-Phosphoglycerate + ATP)

A

~ 49 kJ/mol

70
Q

Name the main 4 high energy molecules containing phosphate groups:

A

1) ATP
2) Creatine phosphate
3) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
4) Phosphoenolpyruvate

71
Q

What marker is used as an indicator of skeletal muscle wasting and/or kidney function?

A

Creatinine

72
Q

Skeletal muscle wasting would increase excretion of Creatinine. Why?

A

Skeletal muscle contain Creatine and Creatine Phosphate, which are released when these cells die. They can both form Creatinine non-enzymatically = increased excretion.

73
Q

Working at 95% effort for 10 secs would cause skeletal muscle cells to use what substrates for energy?

A
  • ATP

- Creatine kinase

74
Q

Working at 95% effort for 10 mins would cause skeletal muscle cells to use what substrates for energy?

A
  • Muscle glycogen

- Fatty acids

75
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

76
Q

Why are carbohydrates hydrophilic?

A

Contain multiple -OH groups (attract H2O)

77
Q

What word is used to describe a single sugar unit?

A

Monosaccharide

78
Q

How many C atoms does a monosaccharide contain?

A

~ 3-9 C atoms

79
Q

What is the naturally occurring form of monosaccharides?

A

D-form

80
Q

What can’t carbohydrates passively cross a cell membrane?

A

Water-soluble (hydrophilic)

81
Q

Why do carbohydrates require less O2 for complete oxidation compared to fatty acids?

A

Carbohydrates are already partially oxidised

82
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 sugar units connected via a glycosidic bond

83
Q

What sugar units form Maltose?

A

2 x Glucose units

84
Q

What sugar units for Galactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose

85
Q

What sugar units form Fructose?

A

Glucose + Sucrose

86
Q

Name the highly branched polymer of glucose mainly found in mammals:

A

Glycogen

87
Q

In which tissues is Glycogen (mainly) stored?

A

Skeletal muscle

Liver

88
Q

Which bonds does Glycogen contain?

A

alpha-1,4 -glycosidic

alpha-1,6 -glycosidic

89
Q

Which polymers of Glucose are mainly found in plants?

A

1) Cellulose

2) Starch

90
Q

When Starch is hydrolysed in the GI tract, what molecules are released?

A

Glucose + Maltose

91
Q

Which bonds does Starch contain?

A

alpha-1,4 -glycosidic

alpha-1,6 -glycosidic

92
Q

When Glycogen is hydrolysed in the GI tract, what molecule(s) are released?

A

Glucose

93
Q

Which bonds does Cellulose contain?

A

beta-1,4-glycosidic

94
Q

Which polysaccharide is not digestable by humans?

A

Cellulose

95
Q

Which enzymes are required for the hydrolysis of dietary polysaccharides?

A

Glycosidase enzymes ie:

  • Salivary amylase
  • Pancreatic amylase
96
Q

Which bonds are cleaved by Amylase enzymes?

A

alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds

97
Q

Where in the GI tract are the enzymes which hydrolyse dietary disaccharides?

A

Brush border of epithelial cells, lining the Duodenum and Jejunum

98
Q

Which enzymes are required for the hydrolysis of dietary disaccharides?

A

Glycosidase enzymes ie:

  • Lactase
  • Glycoamylase
  • Sucrase-Isomaltase
99
Q

What transporter is required for Glucose and/or Galactose absorption from the GI lumen into the epithelial cells?

A

SGLT = Na+-Glucose Cotransporter

ESA1 (22 decks)

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