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Boards Part II and III (Irene Gold) > X-Ray Physics (Part II) (Irene Gold) > Flashcards

X-Ray Physics (Part II) (Irene Gold) Flashcards

1
Q

What three things are found inside the Cathode?

A

Large Filament
Small Filament
Focusing Cap

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2
Q

What is the source of the electrons that produce the x-ray?

A

Filament

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3
Q

What is the filament made out of?

A

Tungsten

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4
Q

When does a Thermionic Emission happen?

A

When current is applied to a filament

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5
Q

What controls the quantity of electrons (mA)?

A

Temperature of the filament

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6
Q

What part of the cathode encases the two filaments?

A

Focusing/Filament Cup

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7
Q

In what part of the Cathode does the Thermionic Emission occur?

A

Filament Cup

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8
Q

What is the name of the positive electrode in the x-ray tube?

A

Anode

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9
Q

In most x-ray machines is the anode stationary or rotating?

A

Rotating

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10
Q

What is the reason for a rotating Anode target?

A

To dissipate the heat that is generated

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11
Q

What is the focal area/spot of the Anode?

A

The exposed area of the tungsten target

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12
Q

How is the focal spot determined?

A

By the size of the filament

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13
Q

What does a Smaller filament produce as an outcome?

A

Better Detail

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14
Q

What is it called when “The effect of making the actual focal spot size appear smaller when viewed for the position on the film”?

A

Line Focus Principle

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15
Q

What give you a smaller effective spot on x-ray?

A

Smaller target angle

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16
Q

What is the term used that “Heats the filament causing a boiling off of electrons”?

A

Millamperage (mA)

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17
Q

How is the term Millamperage per Second defined (mAs)?

A

More Current=More Electrons produced= More x-ray produced= Greater Radiographic density (Darker)

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18
Q

What is the term used for overall blackening on the film?

A

Density

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19
Q

What does the term Radiolucent mean?

A

Structures produce more blackening on the film

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20
Q

What term is used for “Structures that produce less blackening on the film”?

A

Radio-opaque

Whiter on X-ray

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21
Q

The relationship between what two components of x-ray mAs and density?

A

They are directly proportional

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22
Q

What is the primary way to control how black a film is?

A

mAs

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23
Q

If the mAs is increased what does that mean in terms of film exposure?

A

The film exposure time is increased

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24
Q

What is the minimum change in mAs to see a change in density on the film?

A

30%

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25
Q

What does it mean to the density if the mAs is either doubled or halved?

A

The density will be doubled or halved, they are directionally proportional

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26
Q

What is the definition of Kilovoltage (kVp)?

A

The force applied to accelerate the electrons from the cathode to the anode at the time of exposure

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27
Q

When will the greatest number of high energy x-ray photons be produced?

A

When a great force of Kilovoltage (kVp) is produced

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28
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

A

Inversely related

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29
Q

If there is a low kVp what kind of energy and penetration are produced?

A

Low energy

Weak penetration

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30
Q

What kind of kVp would produce a high energy and a strong penetration?

A

High kVp

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31
Q

What kind of kVp produces shorter wavelengths with a greater ability to penetrate body tissue?

A

High kVp

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32
Q

What is the term that “is the difference in density between two structures”?

A

Contrast

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33
Q

What is the purpose of Contrast on an x-ray?

A

Makes detail visible

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34
Q

What is the relationship between kVp and contrast?

A

Inversely related

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35
Q

Does mAs or kVp control contrast?

A

kVP

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36
Q

In terms of Low kVp; what kind of contrast and scale are produced?

A

High Contrast=Short Scale

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37
Q

What kind of x-ray will be produced from a Low kVp setting?

A

Sharp difference in dark and light areas

A black and white film= underexposed (Bone Film)

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38
Q

Low kVp has what two effects?

A

Produces more scatter

Increased amount of radiation is absorbed by the patient

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39
Q

Low Contrast=Long Scale is seen in what kind of kVp film?

A

High kVp

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40
Q

What is expected to be seen on an x-ray film of High kVp?

A

Very little differences between densities

More shades of grey (Soft Tissue Film)

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41
Q

High kVp films have what two effects?

A

More scatter produced

Decreased amount of radiation is absorbed by the patient

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42
Q

How can you do the following on an x-ray film:
Lower Contrast
Longer Scale of Contrast
More Shades of Gray

A

Increase kVp by 15%

AND

Decrease mAs by 50%

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43
Q

How can you do the following on an x-ray film:
Higher Contrast
Shorter Scale of Contrast
Fewer shades of Grey (More Black and White)

A

Decrease kVp by 15%

AND

Increase mAs by 100%

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44
Q

What is the primary way to control density on an x-ray?

A

mAs

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45
Q

What is the relationship between kVp and density?

A

NOT proportional

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46
Q

What is the 15% Rule?

A

Increase the kVp by 15%=Double the film density

Decrease the kVp by 15%= Half the film density

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47
Q

Which tissue absorbs more x-ray?

A

Denser tissue

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48
Q

What two things are Black on x-ray?

A

Gas

Fat

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49
Q

What three things appear Gray on x-ray?

A

Muscle
Water
Soft tissue

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50
Q

What two things will show up as white on x-ray?

A

Bone

Metal

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51
Q

On which side of the x-ray is the intensity the greatest?

A

Cathode side

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52
Q

Towards what side do you place the thinner portion of the patient being x-rayed?

A

Anode Side (Anode Heel Effect)

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53
Q

Why is the thinner portion of the patient placed on the Anode Side of the x-ray tube?

A

Density and Intensity are Decreased

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54
Q

Which Side of the X-Ray machine produces less X-Ray?

A

Anode Side

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55
Q

What is the size of the Effective focal spot on the Anode Side of the X-Ray machine?

A

Smaller

56
Q

What size of the X-Ray machine produces more Detail?

A

Anode Size

57
Q

Where is the Anode side of the X-Ray machine placed?

A

Used on the thinner body part

58
Q

On the Cathode side of the X-Ray machine:
Is there more or less X-Ray?
Effective focal spot, larger or smaller?
How much detail is produced, Less or More? Where do you place the Cathode on a patient during an X-Ray?

A

X-Ray: More
Focal Spot: Larger
Detail: Less
Use on the thicker body part

59
Q

What term is used to determine “The length of space from the focal spot (tube) to the recording medium (film)?

A

Focal Film Distance (FFD)/Source Image Distance (SID)

60
Q

What happens as you increase the Focal Film Distance (FFD)?

A

The image gets smaller and clearer

61
Q

What two things happen when you decrease the Focal Film Distance (FFD)?

A

The image gets:
Bigger
Blurrier

62
Q

What law explains how the intensity of the x-Ray beam is affected by the changes in the Source Imaging Distance?

A

Inverse Square Law

63
Q

What varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source?

A

Intensity of Radiation

64
Q

What happens if a 40 inch Focal Film Distance is doubled to 80 inches of Focal Film Distance?

A

The intensity at 80 inches of Focal Film Distance is 1/4 the intensity at 40 inches of Focal Film Distance, if no other factors are changed

65
Q

What must happen to the mAs at 80 inches of Focal Film Distance?

A

It must be increased 4x the amount from 40 inches of Focal Film Distance, to maintain the same amount of Blackening

66
Q

What kind of crystals are found in the Intensifying Screen for X-Ray?

A

Fluorescent

67
Q

What are three findings with large crystals in the X-Ray screen?

A

More Light
Work quickly
Yield Less Detail

68
Q

What is the “equation” of Large crystals in the X-Ray screen?

A

Faster Screen=Higher Contrast=Short Scale (Less Patient Exposure)

69
Q

What part of the X-Ray is intensified using screens?

A

Density

70
Q

What is the term used for “Clarity and Sharpness of a Film”?

A

Definition

71
Q

What does the term Umbra mean?

A

Picture made by a useful beam

72
Q

What term is “blurry halo part of the image”?

A

Penumbra

73
Q

What three things can cause Penumbra?

A

Tube to close to the film (Short Focal Film Distance (FFD))

Patient to far from the film (Long Object Film Distance (OFD))

To large of a filament on the Cathode, making the focal spot to big

74
Q

What is the term used for describing the distance between the patient and the film?

A

Object Film Distance (OFD)

75
Q

What happens as you increase the Object Film Distance (OFD)?

A

Image has more Penumbra; becomes bigger and blurrier

76
Q

What happens as you decrease the Object Film Distance (OFD)?

A

Image has better detail; becomes smaller and clearer

77
Q

How do you get the best detail?

A

Place the patient as close to the film as possible

78
Q

What is the term for the following definition: “Pressure exerted by the film holder as it encloses the X-Ray film”?

A

Screen-Film Contact

79
Q

What is the outcome of poor screen-film contact?

A

Reduces the sharpness of the image

80
Q

What are the two types of distortion that can happen on and X-Ray?

A

Size

Magnification

81
Q

What two things are distortion of an X-Ray effected by?

A

Object Film Distance (OFD)

Focal Film Distance (FFD)

82
Q

What three things happen when an X-Ray strikes an object?

A

Scatter
Absorption
Penetration

83
Q

What four ways can Scatter Radiation be reduced?

A

Grids
Air gap technique
Collimators
Filters

84
Q

Where is the grid placed?

A

Between the patient and the film

85
Q

What is the sole purpose of the grid?

A

Improve the quality of the radiograph by absorbing scatter radiation

86
Q

When using a grid, why must exposure factors be increased?

A

To maintain density

87
Q

Does the use of a grid increase or decrease the patient’s dose of radiation?

A

Increase

88
Q

What is a Grid Ratio?

A

The height of lead strips to the distance of Lead strips

89
Q

What Grid Ratio is used in Chiropractic offices?

A

12:1

90
Q

What is the definition of the “Air Gap Technique”?

A

6-10 inch gap between the patient and the film

91
Q

What happens to the X-Ray as there is an increase in the Air Gap Technique?

A

Scatter radiation diverges away from the film

92
Q

Is the patient’s radiation dose increased or decreased when there is an Air-Gap?

A

Decrease, but can distort or magnify the image

93
Q

What is the main function of Collimation?

A

Limits the size of the beam to the body part being X-rayed

94
Q

What is the best way to reduce scatter radiation to both the patient and the film?

A

Collimation

95
Q

What are X-Ray filters made out of?

A

Aluminum

96
Q

What is the preferred way to remove low energy photons from an X-Ray?

A

Filtration

97
Q

What function does the filter play during X-Ray?

A

Stops weak photons (those not capable of getting all the way to the screen) from entering the patient’s body, thus protecting from scatter radiation

98
Q

What is the term used to “Measure the radiation energy absorbed”?

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)

99
Q

What is the term defined as “Biological effectiveness of the radiation absorbed”?

A

Radiation Equivalent Man (REM), Badges worn by Radiology Technicians

100
Q

What is the safe number of Radiation Equivalent Man (REM) per year?

A

5

101
Q

What is the term for “The number of Radiation Equivalent Man (REM) a person can get in a lifetime without getting radiation poisoning”?

A

Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)

102
Q

What is the Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)?

A

Maximum Permissible Dose= 5(Age-18)

103
Q

What is the name of the majority of the useful beam of an X-Ray?

A

Bremsstrahlung
AKA
Braking Radiation

104
Q

What is the Characteristic of Bremsstrahlung Radiation?

A

High intensity electron hits an inner shell electron, which is knocked out of it’s position in orbit. An out shell electron then fills it’s spot

105
Q

What is the primary form of scatter radiation?

A

Compton Scatter

106
Q

What are two other names for Classic Scatter?

A

Thompson Scatter

Coherent Scatter

107
Q

What type of Scatter is “A low energy X-Ray that changes direction with no energy loss”?

A

Classic Scatter

108
Q

How is Compton Scatter described?

A

A moderate energy X-Ray knows out an outcry shell electron, which causes loss of energy

109
Q

What type of Scatter contributes to Film Fog?

A

Classic Scatter

110
Q

What is it called when “A low energy photon is absorbed by the subject creating a latent image on the film”?

A

Photoelectric Effect

111
Q

What is another name for Quantum Mottling?

A

Radiographic Noise

112
Q

What type of screen produce the most Mottling?

A

Faster Screens

113
Q

What two exposure factors will decrease Radiographic Noise?

A

High mAs

Low kVp

114
Q

When processing a film what will increase the density?

A

Solution temperatures that are to hot

115
Q

What is the effect of film density if the solutions are to low when the film is being processed?

A

Density will be low/insufficient

116
Q

What are the four factors of processing an X-Ray?

A

Developer
Rinse
Fixer
Wash

117
Q

What factor of X-Ray processing “Brings out the latent image by exposing the Silver Halide crystals?

A

Developer

118
Q

What is the purpose of the Rinse step in processing an X-Ray?

A

Removes the exposed Silver Halide crystals

119
Q

What step of the making an X-Ray “Hardens the image, making it permanent on the film”?

A

Fixer

120
Q

What step in making an X-Ray removes the Developer and Fixer?

A

Washing

121
Q

What three things are indicated by Dark Films?

A

Light Leak
Overexposure
Developer Temperature too hot

122
Q

What two things does a Light Film indicate?

A

Developer temperatures are to low

Chemicals need to be changed/replaced

123
Q

If the Developer is inadequate what color will the film be?

A

Brown

124
Q

Milky Films indicated an inadequacy in what factor or the x-Ray processing?

A

Fixer

125
Q

If a film is inadequately Washed how will it appear?

A

Greasy Film

126
Q

What three things can cause an increase in Film Fog?

A

Hot Developer
Old Film
Contaminated Chemicals

127
Q

What does a Soft Emulsion on a film indicate?

A

Insufficient Fixing

128
Q

How should film/cassettes be stored?

A

Vertically to avoid pressure damage

129
Q

What causes creases on an X-Ray film?

A

Nail Marks

130
Q

What two colors can be added to the base of an X-Ray film to reduce glare?

A

Green

Blue

131
Q

What is the term when a “beam of radiation loses energy as it passes thru matter”?

A

Attenuation

132
Q

What is the definition of Transducer?

A

One form of energy to another

133
Q

What term is described as a “step up or step down in power”?

A

Transformer

134
Q

What part of the X-Ray Machine changes Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC)?

A

Rectifier

135
Q

What two things can be produced by Static Electricity, when removing the film quickly from the cassette?

A

Black film

Branching lightening like likes on the film

Boards Part II and III (Irene Gold) (12 decks)

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