B12: Adaptations and Interdependence

Question 1

Plant conditions for life.

Answer 1

> Light
> CO2
> Water
> Oxygen
> Nutrients

Question 2

Animals conditions for life.

Answer 2

> Food from other living organisms
Water
Oxygen

Question 3

Herbivore Teeth Adaptations

Answer 3

Teeth for grinding up plant cells.

Question 4

Carnivore Teeth Adaptations

Answer 4

Teeth adapted for tearing flesh and grinding bones.

Question 5

Extremophiles

Answer 5

Organisms which live in environments that are very extreme.

Question 6

Cold Climate Adaptations

Answer 6

> Thick Fur
Blubber
White in winter, brown in summer.
Bigger animals have larger surface area- volume ratio, so conserve energy. (BUT makes it more difficult to cool down).

Question 7

Hot Climate Adaptations

Answer 7

> Adapted to conserve water.

> Are active + hunt at night.

Question 8

How are plants able to control water water loss?

Answer 8

> Plants lose water from the surface of their leaves.
Reduced SA of leaves.
Water Storage Tissues.
Extensive root systems.

Question 9

What does the leaf’s surface use to stop water loss?

Answer 9

A thick waxy cuticle.

Question 10

Maram Grass Adaptation

Answer 10

Tightly curled leaves to reduce the SA for water loss.

Question 11

Butcher’s Broom Adaptations

Answer 11

> Its leaves are flattened, stem like forms, with very few stomata.
This means that it loses very little water, and can survive in adverse conditions.

Question 12

Water Storage Tissue.

Answer 12

Tissue within plants that survive in hot, dry conditions.
When there is plenty of rain, the plant stores some of the water in these tissues to help them survive when the weather becomes drier.

Question 13

Pros and Cons of Stomata for plants.

Answer 13

+ Able to exchange gases for photosynthesis and respiration.

- When they are open, water is lost through them by evaporation.

Question 14

Inter-Specific Competition

Answer 14

Competition for different resources between members of different species.

Question 15

Intra-Specific Competition

Answer 15

Competition for different resources between members of the same species.

Question 16

What do animals compete for?

Answer 16

> Food
Territory
Mates

Question 17

What do plants compete for?

Answer 17

> Light
Water
Nutrients
Space

Question 18

Parasites

Answer 18

An organism which lives in or on other living organisms and gets some or all of its nourishment for this host organism.

Question 19

Flea Adaptations

Answer 19

> Sharp mouthparts.
Saliva that prevents blood clotting, which could block their mouthparts.
Flattened bodies for easier movement.
Hard bodies to avoid being destroyed by scratching.
Powerful legs for jumping.

Question 20

Tapeworm Adaptations

Answer 20

> Head with hooks/ suckers, to latch on to the gut wall.
Made of 1000 thin, flattened segments that produce eggs every day.
Absorb nutrients directly across their skin.
Thick outer cuticle to protect from digestive enzymes of host.
Absorb already digested nutrients from host.

Question 21

Name of Malaria Parasite.

Answer 21

Plasmodium Falciparum.

Question 22

Gametocytes

Answer 22

> The stage in the lifecycle of the malaria parasite that infects female mosquitos when they take a blood meal from an infected human.
Reproduce sexually.
Change into sporozoites in the salivary glands of the mosquito.

Question 23

Sporozoites

Answer 23

> The stage in the lifecycle of the malaria parasite that is passed on to humans when the female mosquito takes a blood meal and injects her saliva into the blood vessels to prevent the blood clotting as she feeds.
Blood moves the Sporozoites into the liver, where they reproduce asexually into thousands of merozoites.

Question 24

Merozoites

Answer 24

> The stage in the lifecycle of the malaria parasite that is released from the liver and into the red blood cells.
Hidden from the body’s immune system, here some of the merozoites become Schizonts.

Question 25

Schizonts

Answer 25

> The stage in the life cycle of the malaria where the Schizonts burst out of the red blood cells, destroying them and releasing more merozoites.
(This causes the malaria fever attacks).
Some of the Merozoites produced then go on to reproduce sexually to form gametocytes, which can be passed on to the female mosquito when she takes a blood meal.

Question 26

Lifecycle of a Plasmodium Falciparum

Answer 26

> Gametocytes enter mosquito.
(Meiosis takes place)
> Sporozoites infect liver.
(Mitosis takes place)
> Liver cells burst, newly formed Merozoites infect RBC's.
(RBC's burst)
> Merozoites and Schizonts released. 
(Some Merozoites go through Meiosis)
> New Gametocytes produced.