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Z OLD Tissues of the Body > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Is cartilage a vascular or avascular tissue?

A

Vascular

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2
Q

What does cartilage consist of?

A

An extensive cellular matrix in which lies chondrocytes

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3
Q

What is the space for each chondrocyte called?

A

Lacuna

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4
Q

What is the role of chondrocytes?

A

Produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What does the large ratio of GAGs to type II collagen in the cartilage matrix permit?

A

Ready diffusion of substances between chondrocytes and the blood vessels surrounding the cartilage

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6
Q

How could the extracellular matrix of cartilage be described?

A

Solid and firm, but also rather pliable

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7
Q

What is the advantage of the cartilage matrix being pliable?

A

It makes it resilient to repeated application of pressure, and so allows cartilage to act as shock absorbance

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8
Q

What is there a large amount of in the extracellular matrix?

A

Hyalyronic acid

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix?

A

It assists the resilience to repeated application of pressure

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

NAME?

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11
Q

What does hyaline cartilage matrix contain?

A

Proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid and type II collagen

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12
Q

What are the hyaluronic proteoglycan aggregates bound to in hyaline cartilage?

A

Fine collagen matrix fibres

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13
Q

What is the matrix of elastic cartilage like?

A

Like that of hyaline cartilage, but with addition of many elastic fibres and elastic lamellae

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14
Q

What does fibrocartilage have it its matrix?

A

Abundant type I collagen fibres, in addition to matrix material of hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

What is the cell type in hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

No other cell type present

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16
Q

How are chondrocytes present in hyaline cartilage?

A

Singly, or, if recently divided, in small clusters called isogenous groups

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17
Q

What happens to chondrocytes within the isogenous groups?

A

They separate as they elaborate extracellular matrix

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18
Q

Why is hyaline cartilage important in early fetal development?

A

It is the precursor model of those bones which develop by endochondral ossification

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19
Q

What happens as long bones develop?

A

Some hyaline cartilage remains at the articulating surface, and at epiphyseal growth plate until growth ceases

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20
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage seated?

A

NAME?

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21
Q

What covers the margin of hyaline cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

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22
Q

What does perichondrium contain?

A

Many elongated, fibroblast-like cells

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23
Q

What can happen to the fibroblast like cells in perichondrium?

A

They can develop into chondroblasts, and thereafter chrondrocytes

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24
Q

Where do chrondrocytes lie?

A

In cartilage extracellular matrix

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25
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes in the extracellular matrix?

A

They produce and maintain the matrix

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26
Q

What type of tissue is perichondrium?

A

A dense connective tissue

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27
Q

What do the fibroblast-like cells of the perichondrium give rise to?

A

Flat, newly formed chondroblasts

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28
Q

What do chondroblasts secrete?

A

Matrix components

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29
Q

What eventually happens to chondroblasts?

A

They round up to develop chondrocytes

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30
Q

What is the result of the formation of chondrocytes from chondroblasts?

A

The formation of cartilage

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31
Q

What is the cartilaginous growth from the periphery known as?

A

Appositional growth

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32
Q

What may happen to chondrocytes deeper in the cartilage?

A

They may divide and give rise to isogenous groups by mitosis

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33
Q

What is the result of deposition of further matrix by the isogenous groups formed deeper in the matrix?

A

Interstital growth

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34
Q

What happens to the cells of isogenous groups as they lay down further matrix?

A

They separate

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35
Q

How can you tell when chondrocytes have recently divided?

A

They are close together

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36
Q

What features of cartilage permit resilience to varying pressure levels?

A

NAME?

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37
Q

Why does territoral matrix tend to stain darker with H&E stain than interterritoral matrix?

A

It is more highly sulphated

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38
Q

What directs the synthetic activity of chondrocytes?

A

Pressure loads applied lead to the cartilage creating mechanical, electrical and chemical signals

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39
Q

What is the precursor of most bones?

A

A hyaline cartilage model or template

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40
Q

What happens to the hyaline cartilage model for bones?

A

It’s mineralised to form bone

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41
Q

What happens to the hyaline cartilage of developing tarsal bones?

A

It will ossify

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42
Q

What is not present at articulating surfaces?

A

Perichondrium

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43
Q

Where is perichondrium found?

A

At non-articulating surfaces and contributing to developing joint capsule

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44
Q

How is hyaline cartilage positioned at the end of a long bone that hasn’t finished developing?

A

It lines the articulating surface of the bone, and forms the epiphyseal growth plates

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45
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The head of bone

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46
Q

What is found at the epiphysis?

A

Spongy/cancellous bone, with compact bone at sides

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47
Q

What does the growth plate separate?

A

The epiphysis and metaphysis

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48
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The wide region between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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49
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The shaft of the bone

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50
Q

Where do the chondrocytes of the cartilage at the epiphyseal edge of long bones lie?

A

In lacuna

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51
Q

Is the articular surface of bone smooth or rough?

A

Smooth

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52
Q

What is the advantage of the articular surface of bone being very smooth?

A

Provides relatively friction free articulation

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53
Q

What is the articular surface of long bone composed of?

A

Hyaline cartilage without perichondrium

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54
Q

What is the advantage of the irregular boundary between articular cartilage and underlying bone?

A

There’s less likelihood of one sliding of the other

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55
Q

Do elastic fibres calcify with ageing?

A

No, unlike hyaline

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56
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A
  • Pinna of ear
  • External acoustic meatus
  • Epiglottis
  • Eustachian tube
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57
Q

What are the layers of the pinna of the ear?

A
  • Muscle
  • Adipose tissue
  • Fibrocollagenous tissue
  • Elastic cartilage
  • More fibrocollagenous tissue
  • Dermis
  • Epidermis
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58
Q

How do elastic fibres lying in the extracellular matrix stain?

A

Darkly

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59
Q

What are the cell types in fibrocartilage?

A

Chondrocytes and fibroblasts

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60
Q

What is fibrocartilage a combination of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

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61
Q

How are cells often seen to be distributed in fibrocartilage?

A

In rows

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62
Q

Does fibrocartilage have surrounding perichondrium?

A

No

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63
Q

What kind of locations does fibrocartilage tend to be present?

A

Places where huge amounts of pressure can be applied

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64
Q

Give 4 locations fibrocartilage is found

A
  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Temperomandibular joint
  • Menisci of knee
  • Pubic symphysis
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65
Q

What is the advantage of the resilience of fibrocartilage?

A

It can act as a shock absorber and resist shearing forces

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66
Q

How are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?

A

In rows or as isogenous groups

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67
Q

How many elongated fibroblast nuclei are evident?

A

Relatively few

68
Q

What are entheses?

A

Points of attachment between tendons and bones

69
Q

What is present at some entheses?

A

Fibrocartilage

70
Q

What happens at the head of some bones?

A

Cancellous bone forms a network of fine body columns or plates

71
Q

What is the advantage of the cancellous bone at the head?

A

Combines strength with lightness

72
Q

What fills the spaces in cancellous bone?

A

Bone marrow

73
Q

What does compact bone form?

A

The external surfaces of bones

74
Q

How much of the bodies skeletal mass is compact bone?

A

~80%

75
Q

What is the shaft of a long bone made up of?

A
  • Endosteum
  • Periosteum
76
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Inner surface

77
Q

What is periosteum?

A

The outer surface

78
Q

What is next to the endosteum in the shaft of bones?

A

Inner circumferential lamellae

79
Q

What are inner circumferential lamellae?

A

Layers of bone that run right round the shaft of the bone

80
Q

What runs in parallel with the direction of the bone?

A

The lamellae of the bone

81
Q

What forms osteons?

A

Different layers of lamellae forming concentric circles around the osteonal artery

82
Q

What canals does a bone section have?

A
  • Haversian canals
  • Volksmann’s canals
83
Q

How does the arrangement of osteocytes differ between mature and immature bone?

A

NAME?

84
Q

What type of bone has reabsorption canals?

A

Mature

85
Q

In what direction do reabsorption canals run?

A

Parallel with the osteons long axes

86
Q

How is bone remodelled using resorption canals?

A

By boring a hole then laying down new osteon

87
Q

What is found when bone has been remodelled?

A

Interstital lamallae

88
Q

What are interstitial lamallae?

A

Bits of lamallae that seem to have belonged to complete circular system, but superseded by new osteon

89
Q

What are the spaces where osteocyte lies in bone called?

A

The osteocyte lacunae

90
Q

What is at the centre of each osteon?

A

A Haversian canal

91
Q

In what direction do Haversian canals run?

A

Longitudinally along the bone

92
Q

What cross connects between Haversian canals?

A

Volkmanns canal

93
Q

What does each Haversian canal have around?

A

A system of lamallae around it

94
Q

What does the Volksmann canals go through?

A

Lamallae belonging to adjacent osteons

95
Q

What do Haversian and Volkmann canals carry?

A

Blood and lymph vessels, and nerves

96
Q

What does an osteon consist of?

A

A Haversian canal and it’s concentric lamallae

97
Q

What can happen when attempting to section bone?

A

Damage to microtone blades

98
Q

What is normally done to make bone easier to section?

A

Decalcified

99
Q

What is the problem with decalcifying bone to section?

A

The agents that do it damage the Haversian canal

100
Q

How can the problem of the Haversian canals being damaged by decalcification agents be overcome?

A

By grinding the bone down to a very thin layer to look at

101
Q

What happens to osteons as bone develops?

A

Resorption canals are bored down by osteoclasts, and then new lamallae are laid down by osteocytes, but bone remodelling doesn’t always follow exact course of preceding osteoclasts

102
Q

Are osteons longitudinal or latitudinal?

A

Roughly longitudinal

103
Q

What do osteons have the ability to as they go down bone?

A

Branch and terminate

104
Q

What do osteocytes posses?

A

Canaliculi

105
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny interconnecting tunnels

106
Q

Where are tiny protoplasmic threads found in bone?

A

In the osteocytes entombed in lacunae between bony lamallae

107
Q

What are protoplasmic threads?

A

Tiny cytoplasmic process

108
Q

What do the osteocytes protoplasmic threads do?

A

Reach out to adjacent osteocytes via canaliculi

109
Q

How to protoplasmic threads connect?

A

Via gap junctions

110
Q

What is the purpose of the connections of protoplasmic threads?

A

Allow nutrients to be passed between osteocytes

111
Q

What are canaliculi believed to connect with?

A

The central Haversian canal

112
Q

What is the internal histological structure of trabeculae similar to?

A

That of compact bone

113
Q

What is the difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

A

Spongy bone doesn’t have Haversian or Volksmann canals

114
Q

Why doesn’t spongy bone have canals?

A

It seems it can get its nutrient form bone arrow, so doesn’t need blood vessels

115
Q

What does each trabeculum consist of?

A

Numerous osteocytes embedded within irregular lamallae of bone

116
Q

What is on the surfaces of trabeculae?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

117
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Build up bone

118
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Eat away

119
Q

What do the cavities of trabeculae have around them?

A

Central lamallae

120
Q

What are in the trabeculae cavities?

A

Adipose and haemopoietic cells

121
Q

In do you have in growing bone spicles?

A

Osteoblasts depositing new osteon

122
Q

What happens to the osteoblasts once they have deposited new bone?

A

They are now surrounded by new osteoid, and so are now osteocytes

123
Q

What results from osteoclasts reabsorbing bone in spicules?

A

A depression in bone where they have eaten away

124
Q

What is boring the tunnel through bone in remodelling?

A

A cutting cone

125
Q

How to osteoclasts remove bone?

A

By releasing H + and lysosomal enzymes

126
Q

Where do osteoblasts lay down new concentric lamallae?

A

On sides of boring tunnel

127
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A
  • 65% mineral (calcium hydroxyapatite crystals)
  • 23% type I collagen
  • 10% water
  • 2% non-collagen proteins
128
Q

Why does bone resist fracture?

A

Because it has great tensile and compressive strength, and also a degree of flexibility

129
Q

What is thought to be able to happen before excessive load causes fracture?

A

The lamallae can slip relative to one another

130
Q

What results between broken bone ends when it breaks?

A

Haemotoma

131
Q

What results in the haemotoma when bone breaks?

A

Bleeding from multiple blood vessels

132
Q

What are the 4 stages in fracture repair?

A
  • Haemotoma formation
  • Fibrocartilaginous callous formation
  • Bony callus formation
  • Bone remodelling
133
Q

What leads to haemotoma formation in broken bone?

A

Blood vessels in bone and periosteum break

134
Q

What is a haemotoma?

A

A mass of clotted blood

135
Q

What happens to the bone cells at the fracture edge?

A

They die

136
Q

Why do bone cells at the fracture edge die?

A

Because they have no blood supply

137
Q

What happens as a result of the haemotoma?

A

Swelling and inflammation

138
Q

What tissue needs to be removed when the bone breaks?

A

Dead/damaged tissue

139
Q

What removes the dead/damaged tissue when the bone breaks?

A

Phagocytic cells and osteoclasts

140
Q

What eventually happens to the haemotoma formed when bone breaks?

A

It’s removed by macrophages

141
Q

How is a fibrocartilaginous callus formed?

A
  • New blood vessels infiltrate the fracture haemotoma
  • A procallus (soft callus) of granulation tissue develops
  • Fibroblasts produce collagen fibres that span the break. Others differentiate into chrondroblasts, which give rise to a sleeve of hyaline cartilage
  • An externally bulging, fibrocartilaginous matrix therefore splints the bone
142
Q

What is granulation tissue rich in?

A

Capillaries and fibroblasts

143
Q

What is happening concurrently to the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus?

A

Osteoblasts of nearby periosteum and endosteum, and multipotent cells from the bone marrow invade the fracture site, and being bone formation by forming spongy bone

144
Q

What begins to appear within a week of the formation of the fibrocartilaginous callus?

A

New trabecular within the callus

145
Q

How to the trabeculae in the callus develop?

A

As former fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to hard callus of cancellous bone

146
Q

What ultimately happens to the fibrocartilaginous callus?

A

Endochondrial ossification replaces it all with cancellous bone

147
Q

What is the role of intramembranous ossification in bone healing?

A

It produces new cancellous bone in the area

148
Q

How soon do the processes that form a bony callus occur in a young person?

A

2 days after fracture

149
Q

How long does bony callus formation continue for?

A

~2 months

150
Q

What needs to happen as soon as the callus of spongy, cancellous bone is formed?

A

It needs to be remodelled into compact bone

151
Q

Where is the remodelling into compact bone especially important?

A

In the cortical region

152
Q

What is the cortical region?

A

The region of the former bone shaft

153
Q

How long does the bone remodelling process happen for after a bone fracture?

A

Several months

154
Q

What material is removed in bone remodelling?

A

The material bulging from the outside of the bone, and inwards into the medullary cavity

155
Q

How is the bone for remodelling removed?

A

Osteoclasts

156
Q

What is the final shape of the remodelled area of bone?

A

Same as that of original unbroken bone

157
Q

Why is the final shape of remodelled bone the same as that of the original bone?

A

It responds to the same set of mechanical stressors

158
Q

What can sometimes happen to fragments of bone in fractures?

A

It can be pulled away from the fracture sit by periosteum

159
Q

What happens to fragments of bone pulled away from the fracture site?

A

It is removed by osteoclasts

160
Q

When is a bony union and callus formation not possible?

A

If a fracture involves loss of bone fragments

161
Q

What is the purpose of bone banks?

A

They are available to supply viable bone for grafting purposes

162
Q

What happens to bone in bone banks?

A

It’s frozen then used by orthopaedic surgeons

163
Q

What are the types of bone graft?

A
  • Autograft
  • Homograft
  • Heterograft
164
Q

Where does the bone graft in an autograft come from?

A

The person themselves

165
Q

Where does the bone graft come from in a homograft?

A

A different human

166
Q

Where does the bone graft come from in a heterograft?

A

A different species

167
Q

What is the advantage of using calf bone in heterograft?

A

It loses antigenicity with refrigeration

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

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