Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z OLD Tissues of the Body > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Do most microorganisms cause disease in humans?

A

Most don’t, but some do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease causing microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do pathogens include?

A
  • Protozoa
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Worms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are both humans and pathogens made from?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the roles of protein in pathogens?

A
  • Nutrient acquisition
  • Reproduction
  • Locomotion
  • Respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do humans and pathogens differ in their proteins?

A

They posses radically different proteins, that allow them to survive in their respective niches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do different proteins have?

A

Different amino acid sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the significance in the difference in amino acid sequences?

A

The immune system detects this difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is damage to the host an inevitable consequence of?

A

Breaking through barriers in order to gain access to regions that are most prosperous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an inevitable consequence of damage to the barriers?

A

Alert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the first barrier to infection?

A

Epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does epithelia do to prevent infection?

A

Keep body clear of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do we facilitate the clearance of pathogens from epithelial surfaces?

A
  • Rapid epithelial regeneration
  • Blinking
  • Flow of tears
  • Ear wax
  • Nasal hairs
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • Vomiting
  • Digestive enzymes
  • Peristaltic gut movement
  • Regular urine flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How quickly do epithelial cells function on contact with a pathogen?

A

Within seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Essentially, what is epithelium?

A

A mechanical, selectively permeable barrier between the ‘outside’ and the ‘inside’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What may epithelial cells posses?

A

Motile cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Can epithelial cells renew?

A

Yes, rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of motile cilia on epithelial cells?

A

Keep surface free of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do epithelial cells produce?

A
  • Natural antibodies
  • Cytokines
  • Chemokines
  • May produce mucins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of natural antibodies do epithelial cells produce?

A

Cationic antibacterial peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give 2 examples of cationic antibacterial peptides?

A
  • Defensins

- Cathelicidins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins that alter the behaviour of other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Proteins that attract other cells by gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where to epithelial cells transport antibodies to and from?

A

From inside to outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the primary role of epithelial cells?

A

To block the entry of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What must be done for pathogens with non-self proteins to break through the epithelial barrier?

A

They must damage it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens to epithelial cells on contact with microorganisms?

A

They are activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do activated epithelial cells produce?

A

Chemokines and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the result in the production of chemokines and cytokines?

A

A much more permeabilised epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the result of a more permeabilised epithelium?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the result of opsonisation of foreign materials?

A

Pathogens more readily phagocytosed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens after a pathogen is phagocytosed?

A

It raises a specific response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the result of the specific response to a phagocytosed pathogen?

A

Interaction with other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What promotes vascular permeability?

A

Many inflammatory mediators- immunoglobulin and complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the result of vascular permeability?

A

Mediators are leaked into the inflamed site through the endothelial cells lining blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do inflammatory mediators do?

A
  • Increase permeability
  • Increase migration of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes into tissue
  • Increases SA to volume ratio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does increased permeability allow?

A

Increased fluid leakage from blood vessels and extravasation of antibodies and complement at site of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the result of increased migration of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes?

A

Increases microbicidal activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the result of an increased SA to volume ratio?

A

Better gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the result of action of inflammatory mediators?

A

Allows for immunofunction to be increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is inflammation a response to?

A

Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does inflammation lead to?

A
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Loss of function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Protects area from further damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A

Inbuilt immunity to resist infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When is innate immunity present from?

A

Birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Is innate immunity specific?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Is innate immunity enhanced by secondary exposure?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What kind of components does innate immunity use?

A

Cellular and humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Is innate immunity effective alone?

A

No, poorly effective without adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is innate immunity involved in?

A

Triggering and amplification of adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Immunity established to adapt to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How is adaptive immunity obtained?

A

Learnt by experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does adaptive immunity confer?

A

Pathogen-specific immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Is adaptive immunity enhanced by second exposure?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Does adaptive immunity have memory?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What kind of components does adaptive immunity use?

A

Cellular and humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Is adaptive immunity effective without innate immunity?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What do antibodies reflect?

A

Infections to which an individual has been exposed to already

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are antibodies diagnostic for?

A

Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How has the adaptive immune system evolved?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the importance of innate immunity implied by?

A
  • Rarity of inherited deficiencies in innate immune mechanisms
  • Considerable impairment of protection when deficiencies in innate immunity occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What cells are involved in innate immunity?

A
  • Macrophages and monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinphils
  • Natural killer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the roles of macrophages and monocytes?

A
  • Phagocytosis

- Presentation to lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the roles of neutrophils?

A
  • Phagocytic

- Anti-bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is special about polymorphonucleur neutrophils?

A

They have 5 lobes to their nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the roles of mast cells and basophils?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the roles of eosinphils?

A
  • Anti-parasite

- Causes allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Describe the nucleus of lymphocytes?

A

It almost fills the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What kind of cells are phagocytes?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is meant by a phagocyte?

A

A cell able to engulf and destroy bacteria, extracellular viruses and immune complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Active engulfment of particles into a phagosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is formed form a phagosome and a lysosome?

A

Phagolysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What occurs in a phagolysosome?

A

Digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What happens to neutrophils in healthy tissues?

A

They are normally excluded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Why are bites taken so seriously?

A

Because the mouth is the most contaminated site in the body, and the microbes in the mouth can enter the wound when bitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are neutrophils specialised for?

A

Working under anaerobic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Why are neutrophils adapted for working anaerobic conditions?

A

Because these prevail in damaged tissues

78
Q

When does neutrophil arrival occur in an inflammatory response?

A

First event

79
Q

What happens once a neutrophil has been activated?

A

They become unable to synthesise new granules

80
Q

What happens once all granules have been used up?

A

The neutrophil dies

81
Q

What do patients with neutrophil deficiencies suffer from?

A

Recurrent infection, often by microbes of the normal commensal flora

82
Q

Why do patients with neutrophil deficiencies often suffer from recurrent infections?

A

Because they have limited phagocytic action

83
Q

What can phagocytes sometimes to?

A

Release their lysosome contents on the outside of pathogens

84
Q

Why would phagocytes release their lysosomal contents onto the surface of pathogens?

A

If they were too big to digest

85
Q

What binds to neutrophil receptors?

A

Bacteria

86
Q

What does bacterial binding to neutrophil receptors induce?

A

Phagocytosis and microbal killing

87
Q

What do neutrophils have for phagocytosis?

A

Elaborate receptors

88
Q

What do neutrophils do to the bacteria bound to them?

A

Engulf and digest

89
Q

What do CD14 and CR4 bind to?

A

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

90
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytose microbal, or damaged and unwanted cells

91
Q

What do macrophages release?

A

A variety of cytokines

92
Q

What are the cytokines released by macrophages important for?

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

93
Q

Do macrophages live long?

A

Yes

94
Q

Why are macrophages long-lived?

A

Because they continue to generate more lysosomes as needed

95
Q

What do macrophages act as?

A

Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs)

96
Q

Where are APCs important?

A

In the development of adaptive immunity

97
Q

What do APCs do?

A

Show antigens to T lymphocytes for their action

98
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The coating of an microorganism by antibodies or complement to render in recognisable as foreign by phagocytes

99
Q

What does opsonisation enhance?

A

Phagocytosis

100
Q

When are encapsulated bacteria more efficiently phagocytosed?

A

When coated with antibody and C36

101
Q

What can encapsulated bacteria not be engulfed by?

A

Neutrophils

102
Q

What does antibody bound to bacteria activate?

A

Complement binding of C3b to bacteria

103
Q

What is engulfment of bacteria by neutrophils mediated by?

A

Fc receptors and complement receptors

104
Q

What do granules fuse with?

A

Phagosomes

105
Q

What happens when granules fuse with phagosomes?

A

Toxic oxygen metabolites that kill bacteria released

106
Q

What are natural killer (NK) cells a part of?

A

Innate immune system

107
Q

Are NK cells T or B cells?

A

Neither

108
Q

Do NK cells have classical antigen receptors?

A

No

109
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Recognise and kill abnormal cells

110
Q

Give an example of an abnormal cell NK cells can kill?

A

Tumour cells

111
Q

What is the result of NK cells killing tumour cells?

A

Stops cancer developing

112
Q

What do NK cells do in virus-infected cells?

A

Directly induce apoptosis

113
Q

How do NK cells induce apoptosis in virus-infected cells?

A

By pumping proteases through pores that they make in target cells

114
Q

What are NK cells similar to?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

115
Q

How do NK cells differ from cytotoxic T cells?

A

They have no specific T cell receptors

116
Q

What do NK cells provide?

A

Innate immunity against intracellular infections

117
Q

What happens in people lacking NK cells?

A

They suffer from persistent viral infections, particularly herpes virus

118
Q

What leads to NK cell activation in most cells?

A

IFNα and IFNß

119
Q

What leads to NK cell activation in macrophages?

A

IL-12 and TNFα

120
Q

What do NK cells provide regarding a virus infection?

A

An early response

121
Q

What do viral infections induce?

A

Cells to secrete a burst of cytokines

122
Q

What do cytokines induce?

A

The proliferation and activation of NK cells

123
Q

What happens while NK cells act?

A

A slower cytotoxic T cell response develop which helps to clear the infection

124
Q

What are the secretory molecules of the innate response also known as?

A

Humoral components

125
Q

What are the humoral components on the innate immune respose?

A
  • Transferrin and lactoferrin
  • Interferon
  • Lysozyme
  • Fibronectin
  • Complement components and their products
  • TNF-α
126
Q

What does transferrin and lactoferrin do?

A

Deprives microorganisms of iron

127
Q

What does interferon do?

A

Inhibits vital replication and activates other cells which kill pathogens

128
Q

Where are lysozymes found?

A

In serum and tears

129
Q

What do lysozymes do?

A

They break down the bacterial cell wall of some gram+ bacteria

130
Q

What are lysozymes in synergism with?

A

Antimicrobal peptides

131
Q

What does fibronectin do?

A

Opsonises bacteria, and promotes their rapid phagocytosis

132
Q

What do complement proteins and their products cause?

A

Destruction of microorganism, directly or with help of phagocytic cells

133
Q

What does TNF-α do?

A

Suppresses viral replication and activates phagocytes

134
Q

Why is the complement system so named?

A

Because is was discovered as heat-labile components which complemented or enhanced the oponising effects of antibody

135
Q

What does the complement system do?

A

Marks pathogens for destruction

136
Q

How does the complement system mark pathogens for destruction?

A

By covalently binding to their surface

137
Q

Evolutionarily, what came first, the complement system or the antibody response?

A

The complement system

138
Q

What did the antibody response evolve to do?

A

Enhance the mechanism of complement activation and phagocytosis

139
Q

Where are complement proteins found?

A

Ubiquitous in the blood and lymph

140
Q

How long after an infection begins can the complement system be used?

A

Immediately

141
Q

What does an antibody do to the complement system?

A

Enhances complement activation

142
Q

What are the complement components?

A

C1-C9

143
Q

How do different complement proteins differ from each other?

A

They have different functions

144
Q

What are C5a, C3a and C4a responsible for?

A

Recruitment of inflammatory response

145
Q

What is recruitment of inflammatory cells important for?

A

Recruitment for host defence against infection

146
Q

What is C3b responsible for?

A

Opsonisation

147
Q

What is responsible for the direct killing of pathogens?

A

MAC (membrane attack complex) using C5-C9

148
Q

What does the MAC do?

A

Assembles to make a pore in the pathogen membrane

149
Q

What does the MAC assemble?

A
  • C5b binds to C6 and C7
  • C5b, 6 and 7 complexes bind to membrane via C7
  • C8 binds to the complex, and inserts itself into the membrane
  • C9 molecules bind to the complex and polymerise
  • 10-16 molecules of C9 bind to form a pore in the membrane
150
Q

What happens if there is a deficiency in C1, 2 or 4?

A

Immune complex disease (type III)

151
Q

What happens if there is a deficiency in C3?

A

Recurrent bacterial infection

152
Q

What happens if there is a deficiency in C5-9

A

Recurrent Neisserial infection

153
Q

What do T and B lymphocytes respond to?

A

Antigens

154
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules that elicit a specific immune response when introduced to the tissues of an animal

155
Q

What does the common lymphocyte precursor (CLP) give rise to?

A

T cells and B cells

156
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

Thymus

157
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

Bone marrow

158
Q

What to T cells give rise to?

A

T helper cells (Th) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

159
Q

What do Th cells do?

A

Activate B cells and macrophages

160
Q

What do CTLs do?

A

Kill virus infected cells

161
Q

What do B cells give rise to?

A

Plasma cells

162
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Produce antibodies

163
Q

What happens when B cells are activated?

A

They get much bigger with lots of RER

164
Q

What is true of T and B cells until they encounter an antigen?

A

They are essentially inactive

165
Q

What do T and B cells express?

A

Antigen receptors

166
Q

What is the B cell receptor?

A

A membrane bound antibody surface immunoglobulin

167
Q

What is the T cell receptor?

A

A distinct molecule called a T cell antigen receptor

168
Q

What does each antigen receptor bind to?

A

A different antigen

169
Q

How many antigen specificity does each cell have?

A

1

170
Q

What does the T cell receptor resemble?

A

A membrane bound Fab fragment

171
Q

What are 3 main ways antibodies protect the host from infection?

A
  • Neutralisation
  • Opsonisation
  • Complement activation
172
Q

What happens in antibody neutralisation?

A

Prevents bacterial adherence, stopping it binding to the cell

173
Q

What does each lymphocyte express?

A

A single antigen receptor specificity

174
Q

How many lymphocytes are there in the body?

A

Millions

175
Q

What does each naive lymphocyte bearing a unique receptor represent?

A

A potential progenitor of a genetically identical clone of daughter cells

176
Q

What does the clonal distribution of antigen receptors mean?

A

That lymphocytes of a particular specificity will be too infrequent to mount an effective response

177
Q

What is the purpose of clonal selection?

A

It raises the clonal frequency of cells with a particular antigen specificity

178
Q

What does antigen interaction lead to?

A

Lymphocyte activation

179
Q

What do daughter cells of activated lymphocytes bear?

A

Identical antigen specificity to the parent cell

180
Q

What does a B lymphocyte do on activation?

A

Attaches to foreign material

181
Q

What does the attachment of B lymphocytes to foreign material cause?

A

Clonal expansion

182
Q

What does clonal selection induce?

A

Proliferation and increase in effector frequency

183
Q

What are the phases of the adaptive immune response?

A
  • Recognition phase
  • Activation phase
  • Effector phase
  • Decline homeostasis
  • Memory
184
Q

What happens during the recognition phase?

A

Clonal selection

185
Q

What happens during the activation phase?

A

Clonal expansion

186
Q

What happens during the effector phase?

A

Differentiation to effector cells

187
Q

What does the clonal nature of the adaptive immune response allow for?

A

Immune logical memory

188
Q

What must happen for T helper cells to be able to ‘see’ something foreign?

A

Presentation to them by antigen presenting cell

189
Q

What must happen for B cells to become plasma cells?

A

Must be given permission by T helper cells

190
Q

What does almost every cell type bear?

A

MHC class 1

191
Q

What is the result of almost every cell type possessing MHC class 1?

A

Can present endogenous antigen to cytotoxic T cells

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions