Test 2 - RU Parathyroid

Question 1

anatomy of the parathyroid

Answer 1

4 lobes located to each of the upper and lower poles of the thyroid

Question 2

physiology of parathyroid

Answer 2

gland contains chief cells (produce parathyroid hormone) and oxyphil cells

Question 3

activity of the PTG is controlled by the level of free _____

Answer 3

Ca

low Ca stimulates the gland

High Ca inhibits the gland

Question 4

metabolic functions of the PTG

Answer 4

activates osteoclasts - removes Ca from bone - increases serum Ca

stimulates the kidney to reabsorb Ca and secrete phosphorus

converts vitamin D to active form - stimulates the kidneys and increases Ca absorption in the GI

Question 5

primary - autonomous (spontaneous)

most common endocrine disorder

more common in women

95% are sporadic adenomas

bone changes with osteitis fibrosa cystica

gall stones (pancreatitis and steatorrhea)

peptic ulcer (increased Ca stimulates release of gastrin - stimualtes HCL)

Answer 5

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 6

secondary

usually chronic renal failure

decreased phosphate excretion

inadequate vitamin D intake

S/S are usually chronic renal failure

Answer 6

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 7

much less common

primary autoimmune atrophy

tetany, neuromuscular irritability

positive Chvostek sign - tapping along the facial nerve

positive trousseau sign - arm cuff with forearm and hand carpal spasm

Answer 7

hypoparathyroidism

Question 8

type I - diminished cyclic AMP response to PTH, round faces, short stature

type II - blunded PTH response, hypocalemia results in PTH hyperfunction

Answer 8

psuedohypoparathyroidism