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Biology LC some in chem > Five Kingdoms > Flashcards

Five Kingdoms Flashcards

1
Q

What are Monera mostly composed of?

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

What kingdom does bacteria belong to?

A

Monera

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3
Q

What type of organisms are bacteria?

A

Unicellular organisms

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4
Q

What are bacteria also classified as? Why?

A

Prokaryotes, as they have no membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound cell organelles.

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5
Q

What are the different shapes that bacteria are classified into? Give examples of each.

A
  1. Spherical (cocci) e.g. pneumonia
  2. Rod (bacillus) e.g. anthrax, E.coli
  3. Spiral (spirillum) e.g. syphilis
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6
Q

Draw the two diagrams on edmodo of bacterial structures

A

now

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7
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

asexually

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8
Q

What is the method used by a bacteria to reproduce called?

A

Binary Fission

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9
Q

How does binary fission occur?

A

The chromosome attaches to the plasma membrane and the DNA is replicated. Then the cell elongates and the two chromosomes separate. The cell wall grows to divide the cell in two. Two identical daughter cells are formed.

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10
Q

Draw binary fission in action.

A

now

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11
Q

How is DNA replicated during binary fission?

A

The chromosome attaches to the plasma membrane and the DNA is replicated. Then the cell elongates and the two chromosomes separate.

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12
Q

What does bacteria reproducing asexually cause?

A

Their offspring are genetically identical

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13
Q

What would one expect to occur because of bacteria reproducing asexually?

A

As there is little recombination of genetic material in this method of reproduction one would expect that bacteria would be slow to evolve.

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14
Q

How long is the lifecycle of bacteria?

A

Bacteria has a very short lifecycle (some can reproduce every 20 minutes).

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15
Q

Do new mutations spread fast in bacteria? What does this cause?

A

New mutations can spread very quickly. This is how bacteria evolve resistance to new antibiotics.

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16
Q

Give one way that bacteria can withstand unfavourable conditions.

A

Some bacteria can withstand unfavourable conditions by producing endospores.

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17
Q

How are endospores formed?

A

When the bacterial chromosome replicates. One of the new strands becomes enclosed in a tough-walled capsule called an endospore. The parent cell then breaks down and the endospore remains dormant. When conditions are favourable the spores absorb water, break their walls and reproduce by binary fission.

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18
Q

What is an endospore

A

A tough-walled capsule that encloses one of the new strands of bacterial chromosome

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19
Q

What are the parts of bacterial cells?

A

Cell wall, cytoplasm, nuclear material, capule, flagella, plasmid*. sometimes present

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20
Q

What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?

A

Gives shape and structure

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21
Q

What is the function of the bacterial cell cytoplasm?

A

Contains ribosomes and storage granules but no mitochondria or chloroplasts

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22
Q

What is the function of the bacterial cell nuclear material?

A

Single chromosome of DNA

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23
Q

What is the function of the bacterial cell capsule?

A

Protection

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24
Q

What is the function of the bacterial cell flagella?

A

Movement

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25
Q

What is the function of the bacterial cell plasmid?

A

Circular piece of DNA containing few genes for drug resistance

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26
Q

Autotrophic

A

Organisms which make their own food

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27
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Organisms which take in food made by other organisms

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28
Q

Name two types of autotrophic bacteria

A

Photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria

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29
Q

What do photosynthetic bacteria do and give an example of them

A

Use light energy to make food e.g. purple sulphur bacteria

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30
Q

What do chemosynthetic bacteria do and give an example of them

A

Use energy from chemical reactions to make food e.g. nitrifying bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrates in the nitrogen cycle

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31
Q

Name two types of heterotrophic bacteria

A

Saprophytic bacteria and parasitic bacteria

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32
Q

What do saprophytic bacteria do and give an example of them

A

Live off dead organic matter e.g. bacteria of decay in the soil

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33
Q

What do parasitic bacteria do and give an example of them

A

Take food from live host. Some cause diseases.

e.g. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax

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34
Q

What must bacteria have for the maximum growth rate?

A

For the maximum growth rate bacteria must have access to a food source and the conditions of their environment must be monitored closely

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35
Q

What factors in too much or little an amount will slow down the growth of bacteria?

A

Temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, external solute concentration, pressure

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36
Q

What is the ideal temperature for bacteria and what can happen if the temp. gets too high or too low?

A

Most bacteria grow well between 20 degrees celsius and thirty degrees celsius. Some can tolerate much higher temperatures without their enzymes becoming denatured. Low temperatures slow down the rate of reaction of enzymes resulting in slower growth.

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37
Q

What happens if a bacterium is placed in an unsuitable pH?

A

It’s enzymes will become denatured

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38
Q

Do bacteria require oxygen?

A

Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for respiration e.g. streptococcus. Anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen to respire e.g. Facultative anaerobes such as E.Coli

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39
Q

Why is oxygen sometimes bubbled through bioreactors?

A

Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for respiration

40
Q

What is sometimes changed in industry due to the fact that aerobic bacteria require oxygen for respiration?

A

Oxygen is sometimes bubbled through bioreactors

41
Q

What are the two types of anaerobic bacteria? Give examples.

A

Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes. Facultative anaerobes can respire with or without oxygen e.g. E.Coli (found in intestines).
Obligate anaerobes can only respire in the absence of oxygen e.g. Colstridium tetani (causes tetanus)

42
Q

What are facultative anaerobes and give an example

A

Facultative anaerobes can respire with or without oxygen e.g. E.Coli (found in intestines).

43
Q

What are obligate anaerobes and give an example

A

Obligate anaerobes can only respire in the absence of oxygen e.g. Colstridium tetani (causes tetanus)

44
Q

Can bacteria gain or lose water?

A

Yes, by osmosis

45
Q

When will water move out of bacteria? What is a name for this?

A

If the external solute concentration is higher than the bacterial cytoplasm. This is called dehydration.

46
Q

What is based on the idea of dehydration in bacteria?

A

Food preservation techniques

47
Q

What knowledge of bacteria do many food preservation techniques use?

A

The idea of dehydration

48
Q

When will water enter the bacteria?

A

If the external solute concentration is lower than the bacterial cytoplasm solute concentration.

49
Q

What will usually prevent bursting of bacteria due to too much water?

A

Cell wall

50
Q

Do cells burst from too much water?

A

Cell wall will prevent bursting in most cases

51
Q

How does pressure affect bacteria?

A

The growth of most bacteria is inhibited by high pressures.
Some bacteria can withstand high pressures. Pressure tolerant bacteria for use in bioreactors can be formed by genetic engineering techniques.

52
Q

What is pressure tolerant bacteria used for and how can it be formed?

A

Pressure tolerant bacteria for use in bioreactors can be formed by genetic engineering techniques.

53
Q

What is the beneficial economic importance of bacteria? e.g. Give examples of beneficial bacteria.

A

Bacteria such as Lactobacillus are used to convert milk to products such as cheese and yoghurt. Genetically modified bacteria e.g. E. Coli are used to make products such as insulin, enzymes, drugs, food flavourings and vitamins

54
Q

What is the harmful economic importance of bacteria? e.g. Give examples of harmful bacteria.

A

Micro-organisms that cause disease are called pathogens. E.g. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax in humans. If they enter the body through a wound they can multiply an effect the nerves and activity of muscles. Other bacterial diseases include tuberculosis, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria and brucellosis.

55
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics are substances produced by micro-organisms that stop the growth of, or kill, other micro-organisms without damaging human tissue.

56
Q

What can antibiotics be used for?

A

Antibiotics can be used to control bacterial and fungal infections but do NOT effect viruses.

57
Q

Who isolated the first antibiotic, how, and what was it called?

A

The first antibiotic Penicillin was isolated from a fungus by Sir Alexander Fleming.

58
Q

How are most antibiotics produced now?

A

Now antibiotics are mostly produced by genetically engineered bacteria.

59
Q

What happens when an antibiotic is used to treat an infection?

A

Most of the bacteria are killed.

60
Q

What can mutations in bacterial genes allow for?

A

Bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance

61
Q

What allows bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance?

A

Mutations in bacterial genes

62
Q

What will antibiotics do when some bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?

A

Antibiotics will then kill “sensitive” bacteria and favour resistant bacteria.

63
Q

What type of bacteria has recently emerged as a result of bacteria developing antibiotic resistance? What happened as a result of this? Give an example of this type of bacteria.

A

Bacterial strains have emerged which are resistant to almost all known antibiotics (multi-resistant). As a result present day antibiotics become ineffective. MRSA is one example.

64
Q

Draw the evolution of antibiotic resistance.

A

.

65
Q

What does the overuse of antibiotics result in? What does the failure of some patients to complete a course of antibiotics prescribed to them by a doctor result in?

A

The increased growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Failure of some patients to complete a course of antibiotics prescribed to them by a doctor allows the bacteria to survive and re-grow.

66
Q

What is required in order to organise information about the wide variety of life on earth?

A

A system of classification is required.

67
Q

What is the study of classification?

A

Taxonomy

68
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The study of classification

69
Q

What were old systems of classification based on?

A

Separating life into two categories: Animals and Plants.

70
Q

What came with developments in science? (in relation to old taxonomy)

A

The discovery of new forms of life

71
Q

What new system was proposed to deal with the discovery of new forms of life and gained widespread acceptance by the scientific community?

A

A more updated five kingdom system

72
Q

What can life on earth be divided into and what is the name of this system?

A

5 kingdoms - the five kingdom system of classification

73
Q

What are the names of the five kingdoms in the five kingdom system of classification?

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

74
Q

What can each of the five kingdoms be further subdivided into?

A

smaller categories

75
Q

What does each successive category formed through the subdivision of the five kingdoms contain?

A

Organisms that are more and more similar

76
Q

What is the final category into which organisms can by placed called in the subdivision of the five kingdoms?

A

The species

77
Q

What are members of the same species capable of to produce fertile offspring?

A

interbreeding

78
Q

How many identified species does the monera (prokaryotae) kingdom contain?

A

This kingdom contains about 10,00 identified species of bacteria. It is estimated that there are many more.

79
Q

What were the first organisms on earth?

A

Bacteria

80
Q

What are by far the most numerous organism on the planet?

A

Bacteria

81
Q

What are the main features of monera?

A

They are mainly microscopic and single celled organisms. They do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus. They do have membrane enclosed organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. They normally reproduce asexually.

82
Q

What type of organisms does protista contain?

A

Contains a wide variety of organisms from large plant-like algae seaweeds to single-celled organisms such as Amoeba.

83
Q

What are the main features of protista?

A

Contains single celled (Amoeba) and simple multicellular organisms (Algae). They have a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Some feed by taking in organic substances (they absorb nutrients through the cell wall). Others can produce their own food by photosynthesis.

84
Q

Where are protists found?

A

Protists are found almost anywhere water is present.

85
Q

What are examples of fungi?

A

Examples of fungi include mushrooms, mildews, moulds and yeasts.

86
Q

What vital role do fungi play?

A

Fungi play a vital role in that they break down dead organisms and allow minerals to be recycled.

87
Q

What are the main features of fungi?

A

They are mainly multicellular. They are composed of threads called hyphae. Hyphae combine in masses to form a mycelium. A Hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. Cell walls are made of a carbohydrate called chitin. They are unable to make their own food. Their method of reproduction involves spores.

88
Q

What does the plant kingdom contain?

A

This kingdom includes the mosses, ferns and seed-producing plants.

89
Q

What can seed producing plants be further sub-divided into?

A

Flowering and non-flowering

90
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

Conifers

91
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Flowering plants

92
Q

What are the main features of plants?

A

All plants are multicellular. Their cells have cell walls made of the carbohydrate cellulose. Their cells often have large vacuoles. They are eukaryotic - they have a true nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles). Chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll which enables photosynthesis. All plants are autotrophs. They reproduce asexually and sexually.

93
Q

What does the animal kingdom include?

A

This kingdom includes jellyfish, flatworms, snails, roundworms, segmented worms, frogs, lizards, birds and humans.

94
Q

When and where did the first animals evolve?

A

The first animals evolved in the sea about 700 million years ago.

95
Q

What are the main features of animals?

A

All organisms in this Kingdom are multicellular. They are eukaryotic - have a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Animal cells have no cell walls. All animals are heterotrophic - they cannot produce their own food. They normally reproduce sexually.

96
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

Animals with no backbone

97
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

Animals with a backbone

Biology LC some in chem (24 decks)

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