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Biology LC some in chem > Blood and Heart > Flashcards

Blood and Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the system involving the heart?

A

The circulatory system

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2
Q

What are open circulation systems? Give an example.

A

Heart pumps blood into vessels that are open ended… e.g. in Insects

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3
Q

What are closed circulation systems? Give an example.

A

Blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels… e.g. in Humans

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4
Q

What are the advantages of a closed circulation system?

A

Blood can be pumped faster and blood flow rate to different organs can be changed

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5
Q

Why is it good when blood can be pumped faster?

A

Therefore nutrients can be delivered faster to cells allowing the organism to be more active

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6
Q

What is an example of when blood flow rate to different organs can be changed?

A

Blood flow can be increased to the leg muscles when running

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7
Q

What are the main parts of the human circulation system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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8
Q

What are the main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries.

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9
Q

What are the features and functions of arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart, carry blood under high pressure, thick elastic wall, narrow lumen

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10
Q

What are the features and functions of veins?

A

Carry blood under low pressure, carry blood towards the heart, have valves to prevent backflow, thin wall, wide lumen

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11
Q

Draw a diagram of an artery and a vein

A

.

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12
Q

What is the function of the arterioles?

A

Arterioles connect arteries and capillaries

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13
Q

What is the function of the venules?

A

Venules connect capillaries to the veins

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14
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Tiny blood vessels linking arterioles and venules. The thin wall allows easy exchange of materials with cells.

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15
Q

Draw a cross section of a blood vessel with labels

A

.

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16
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Collagen gives support to blood vessels

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17
Q

What is the role of muscle in blood vessels?

A

Muscles expand to allow increased blood flow through the vessel.

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18
Q

What are the role of elastic fibres in the blood vessels?

A

Elastic fibres bring the blood vessel back to shape

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19
Q

What is the function of valves

A

Valves prevent backflow

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20
Q

Where in the body is the heart?

A

Between the lungs, slightly to the left side of the thorax, above the diaphragm.

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21
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood around the body

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22
Q

What is the structure of the heart?

A

A hollow structure made of cardiac muscle, surrounded by a double membrane

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23
Q

What is the role of a heart muscle?

A
  1. The heart wall is made of cardiac muscle. 2. Contraction of the cardiac muscle drives blood around the body. 3. Cardiac muscle does not fatigue.
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24
Q

How many circuits in the circulatory system?

A

2

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25
Q

Name the two-circuits in the circulatory system?

A

Systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit

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26
Q

What does the systemic circuit do?

A

Pumps to the head, trunk and limbs and back to the heart

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27
Q

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

A

Pumps to the lungs and back to the heart

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28
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulation system?

A
  1. Separation of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood.

2. Blood pressure can be kept high

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29
Q

What are portal systems?

A

A blood pathway that begins and ends in capillaries

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30
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

Connects the stomach and intestines with the liver

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31
Q

Draw a labelled diagram of the heart

A

.

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32
Q

Tricuspid valve function

A

Prevents backflow into right atrium

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33
Q

Semi Lunar valves function

A

Prevent backflow into heart

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34
Q

Bicuspid Valve function

A

Prevents backflow into left atrium

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35
Q

What supplies the cardiac muscle with blood?

A

Cardiac muscle is supplied with blood by the coronary arteries.

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36
Q

Where do the coronary arteries branch from?

A

The aorta just above the semi lunar valves of the aorta

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37
Q

What is the function of coronary veins?

A

To drain blood from the heart wall into the right atrium

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38
Q

What is the function of coronary arteries?

A

To supply cardiac muscle with blood

39
Q

What does the heart beat consist of?

A

The heart beat consists of alternate contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle

40
Q

What is the heart beat controlled by?

A

The heart beat is controlled by the pacemaker in the right atrium. This sends an electrical signal to the cardiac muscle.

41
Q

What is the heart beat sound caused by?

A

The heart beat sound is caused by the closing of the heart valves

42
Q

What is a pulse?

A

the alternate expansion and contraction of arteries is called a pulse

43
Q

How does a pulse come about?

A

A wave of expansion passes down the walls of arteries flowing a contraction of the left ventricle. The elastic fibres in the artery walls then bring about a contraction of the artery wall

44
Q

What is the average pulse?

A

average pulse is 72 beats per minute

45
Q

What is pressure in the blood due to?

A

Pressure in the blood is due to the contraction of the ventricles which forces blood into the arteries

46
Q

What happens as blood passes from arteries to veins?

A

As blood passes from arteries to veins pressure drops

47
Q

What is blood pressure measured using?

A

Blood pressure is measured with an instrument that records the pressure it takes to stop the blood flow in an artery of the upper arm

48
Q

Things that effect the heart

A
  1. Nicotine increase the heart rate and blood pressure.
  2. CO2 reduces the amount of O2 carried by the blood. 3. Other chemicals in tobacco.
  3. High intake of fat causes a build up of cholesterol.
  4. High salt intake
49
Q

What effects the heart in a positive way?

A

Exercise

50
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A secondary transport system consisting of one way system of vessels that collects and returns excess tissue fluid to the blood system

51
Q

What is the structure of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph

52
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Collect tissue fluid and return it to the blood system.
  2. Fight infection.
  3. Transport digested fat away from intestine.
53
Q

How does the lymphatic system fight infection?

A
  1. Filtering out microorganisms in the lymph nodes.
  2. Destroying microorganisms by antibody production.
  3. Mature and store lymphocytes
54
Q

What is plasma and what does it do?

A

Composed of mainly water which acts as a transport medium for the cells and dissolved substances.

55
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Carry oxygen

56
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Fight infection

57
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Clotting

58
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

59
Q

What is the role of plasma and what is it composed of?

A

Composed of mainly water which as a transport medium for the cells and dissolved substances

60
Q

What are the digestion products of plasma?

A

Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, minerals and vitamins

61
Q

What is the waste of plasma?

A

Carbon dioxide, urea

62
Q

What are the hormones of plasma?

A

insulin

63
Q

What is the part of plasma that helps fight viruses?

A

antibodies

64
Q

What is essential to know for safe blood transfusions?

A

It is essential to know a persons blood group for safe blood transfusions

65
Q

What are the main blood groups?

A

A, B, AB, O

66
Q

What is the Rhesus factor?

A

Another blood grouping system which involves antigen called factor D on the red cells.

67
Q

What does the Rhesus factor involve?

A

antigen called factor D on the red cells.

68
Q

Referring to the Rhesus factor what happens if you have factor D?

A

If you have factor D you are Rhesus positive or Rh+. If you haven’t you are Rhesus negative or Rh-

69
Q

Referring to the Rhesus factor what happens if you don’t have factor D?

A

If you haven’t you are Rhesus negative or Rh-

70
Q

Why is the Rhesus factor important in pregnancy?

A

Rhesus factor is important in pregnancy as problems may arise in second and further pregnancies if the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+.

71
Q

What are the features of red blood cells?

A

Biconcave discs … gives large surface area, No nucleus, no mitochondria, contain haemoglobin… (has a high affinity for oxygen), Flexible cell membranes, made in bone marrow of ribs and sternum.

72
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

in the bone marrow of ribs and sternum

73
Q

What do red blood cells having haemoglobin mean?

A

They have a high affinity for oxygen

74
Q

What does red blood cells having biconcave discs mean?

A

gives large surface area

75
Q

What are the features of white blood cells?

A

Have a nucleus, no definite shape, formed in bone marrow and mature in spleen, protect against disease,

76
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes which produce antibodies and monocytes engulf microorganisms.

77
Q

What do lymphocytes produce?

A

antibodies

78
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

engulf microorganisms

79
Q

How are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed and transported?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed from the small intestine into the lymphatic system for transport to liver directly by the hepatic portal vein

80
Q

How are glucose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals absorbed and transported?

A

They pass into the blood capillaries and then the hepatic portal vein brings them directly to the liver

81
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

A

The Hepatic portal vein connects the small intestine to the liver transporting glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamins

82
Q

Draw a diagram of the liver, intestine, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and the hepatic vein

A

.

83
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Make bile, store glycogen, breakdown toxins, store vitamins A, D, K, make plasma proteins, make urea from excess protein, produce heat, store iron, transport nutrients from the liver to all nutrient-requiring cells of the body, transport waste products.

84
Q

What is the heart controlled by?

A

the pacemaker (SA Node) in the right atrium wall

85
Q

What does the SA node emit?

A

an electrical signal

86
Q

What is the signal from the SA node picked up by?

A

the AV node

87
Q

What does the AV node send a signal to?

A

the ventricles

88
Q

What does the signal the AV node sends to the ventricles do?

A

Causes the ventricles to contract

89
Q

What is the contraction of the heart muscle called?

A

Systole

90
Q

What is the relaxation of the heart muscle called?

A

Diastole

91
Q

How does the blood enter the heart?

A

Blood enters the two atria. All valves are closed. All chambers are relaxed. (diastole).

92
Q

What happens when the chambers of the heart are relaxed?

A

The atria contract (systole), tricuspid and bicuspid valves open, blood is forced down into ventricles

93
Q

What happens when the blood is forced down into ventricles?

A

Atria relax (diastole), ventricles contract (systole, bicuspid and tricuspid valves close, semi lunar valves open and blood is forced into the pulmonary artery and aorta

94
Q

What happens when blood is forced into the pulmonary artery and aorta?

A

Ventricles relax (diastole), semi lunar valves close. The cycle starts again.

Biology LC some in chem (24 decks)

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