Yeast biotechnology 1

Question 1

what is an ortholog

Answer 1

homologous sequences descended from the same ancesteral sequence

Question 2

what is the difference between respiration and fermentation in yeast

Answer 2

fermentation is without oxygen

Question 3

why are yeast good eukaryotic model organisms

Answer 3

good functional conservation

discovery of yeast genes involved in DNA repair - had human orthologs found in cancer cells especially colon cancer

Question 4

what does invertase do

Answer 4

converts sucrose to glucose

Question 5

how does invertase work in yeast

Answer 5

it has to be exported outside the cell, products broken down outside the cell then taken in

Question 6

how was yeast engineered so that invertase would stay in the cell and what did this mean for the yeast cell

Answer 6

engineered so that the invertase gene lacked a signal peptide so it couldn’t move out of the cell
meant that cell was unable to grow with sucrose as a carbon source

Question 7

What are the four main stages of the cell cycle in order

Answer 7

G1
S
G2
M

Question 8

at what stage of the cell cycle does cytokinesis occur

Answer 8

after mitosis

Question 9

at what stage does DNA replication and nuclear migration occur

Answer 9

S phase

Question 10

at what stage does chromosome segregation occur

Answer 10

M

Question 11

at what stage does nuclear division occur

Answer 11

G2

Question 12

what is the term describing how yeast replicate

Answer 12

budding

Question 13

what are the two mating types of yeast

Answer 13

a or alpha

Question 14

what is transcriptomics

Answer 14

analysing expression of all genes simultaneously

Question 15

what is the new method of transcriptomics

Answer 15

RNAseq - gene chips, deep sequencing

accesible, cheaper

Question 16

what can we characterise from looking at every gene in the cell cycle through transcriptomics

Answer 16

stress responses
regulatory role of transcription factors
translational regulation

Question 17

key limitation of transcriptomics

Answer 17

only gives you information on transcription, takes no account of translation - protein analysis can give more direct informationt

Question 18

what is TAP-tagging

Answer 18

Tandem affinity purification - purification technique for studying protein–protein interactions
creating a fusion protein with a designed piece TAP tag, on the end.

Question 19

what is metabolome

Answer 19

profiles of all metabolites in the cell - the most useful information
done with NMR in vitro

Question 20

what are the 4 OMEs

Answer 20

genome
transcriptome
proteome
metabolome

Question 21

why would it be helpful to model glucose and ethanol metabolism

Answer 21

to predict how drugs work in cells eg. to understand diabetes

Question 22

what are used for biological mutagenesis

Answer 22

transposons - ‘jump’ around the genome

Question 23

what are the 2 natural transposons in yeast called and why are they useful

Answer 23

Ty1
Ty2
They are of known sequence - we can see where the mutation has occurred by finding their sequence

Question 24

how can we track the mutation we make

Answer 24

with an antibody we have modified the transposon to contain - treat all cells with an HA fluorescent antibody

Question 25

when you view the cell, the fluorescence is all around the protein, what does this tell you

Answer 25

the gene the tag is inserted into is a membrane protein

could also be a transported protein