Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy > Unit 2: Visual System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure that makes up the visual center?

A

Macula lutea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What receptors is the macula lutea comprised of?

A

Cones because it’s the area of high visual acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the structures that is a depression in the center of the macula lutea?

A

Fovea centralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The fovea centralis is made of what?

A

Foveola (cones only)

Because this is where visual acuity of foveola that is the highest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the peripheral border of the functional retina called?

A

Ora serrata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

There is an area of convergence of fibers of ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. What is this area called?

A

Optic papilla or the optic disc

This is medial (nasal) and superior to the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the retinal “blind spot” that has no rods or cones?

A

The optic papilla or optic disc.

This is where the fibers of ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve. That’s why there are no rods or cones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the name of the neurons of the retina?

A

Bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The convergence of many rods to one bipolar cell results in:

A

Summation

The rod system provides for vision of low resolution/acuity and also provides for vision in low light conditions.

10 rods/bipolar cell near macula lutea
100 rods/bipolar cell near ora serrata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurons that innervate bipolar cells are called:

A

Ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What part of the retina is best suited for low resolution vision, low light vision?

A

Peripheral retina

Because it mostly contains rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What part of the retina is best suited for color vision, high resolution vision?

A

Macular retina

Because it is comprised mostly of cones and very little or no convergence of bipolar cells on rods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do axons of ganglion cells of the retina form?

A

Optic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fibers from nasal halves of each retina decussate here (temporal fibers, which do not decussate)

A

Optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fibers within this structure carry visual data from contralateral visual field:

A

Optic tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The right optic tract carries visual data from the ___ visual field

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fibers within the right optic tract are from ganglion cells located in the:

A

Right (nasal) half of the left retina

Right (temporal) half of the right retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Optic tracts project into the:

A

Lateral geniculate body/nucleus (LGB/LGB) of the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What nucleus relays neurons for visual data?

A

LGB/LGN (thalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the pathway of vision to the cortex from the optic tracts?

A

LGB neurons send axons to posterior limb of internal capsule and then to the cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Meyer’s loop relays visual information from the ________ of the visual field

A

Contralateral upper quandrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What initiates the processing of visual data?

A

Primary visual cortex (V1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is the primary visual cortex (V1) located?

A

Upper and lower banks of calcarine sulcus (occipital lobe)

Corresponds with Brodmann map area 17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primary Visual Cortex maintains retinotopic organization. Where is the macular visual field located in the Primary Visual Cortex (v1)?

A

Posterior 1/3 of visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Primary Visual Cortex maintains retinotopic organization. Where is the peripheral visual field located in the Primary Visual Cortex (v1)?

A

Anterior 2/3 of visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Primary Visual Cortex maintains retinotopic organization. Where is the contralateral lower quadrant of the Primary Visual Cortex (v1)?

A

Upper banks fo calcarine sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary Visual Cortex maintains retinotopic organization. Where is the contralateral upper quadrant in the Primary Visual Cortex (v1)?

A

Lower banks of calcarine sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the thing that functions to allow for conscious awareness of visual stimuli?

A

Primary Visual Cortex (v1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What would a lesion of the cortex adjacent to calcarine sulcus (v1)?

A

Cortical blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What would a unilateral lesion to the Calcarine Sulcus (v1) do? (One side of cortex is damaged)

A

Loss of vision in the contralateral half of the visual field in both eyes

31
Q

Where is the visual association cortex located?

A

Medial/lateral portion of occipital lobe

(Also the inferolateral temporal and som areas of posterior parietal)

Corresponds with Brodmann map areas 18, 19

32
Q

Which gyri process the visual association cortex?

A

Cuneate Gyrus and Lingual Gyrus

33
Q

What receives input from 1˚ visual cortex & other brain regions and integrates current visual data with previous experiences with visual data? Ie recognize objects, faces, shapes, colors and appreciate motions, relations, and computations mediated in movement

A

Visual Association Cortex

34
Q

If the primary visual association cortex is intact, a lesion of the visual association cortex may result in:

A

Visual agnosia or facial agnosia

No blindness

35
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Inability to appreciate significant of visual information

36
Q

Facial agnosia

A

Inability to identify familiar faces

May have difficulty distinguishing biological sex, age, emotional state

37
Q

What coordinates activities controlled by the hypothalamus that are dependent on circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

38
Q

Where is the retinohypothalamic tract going?

A

Ganglia from retina go to suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

39
Q

What fibers influence pupillary light reflex/respons?

A

Retinotectal fibers

40
Q

What influences avoidance reflex (involuntary/reflexive movement in response to object in visual field traveling at high velocity)?

A

Retinotectal fibers

41
Q

Where are retinotectal fibers going?

A
  1. Start from optic tract.
  2. Travels through superior brachium.
  3. Synapses on superior colliculus.
  4. To the tectum
42
Q

What fibers coordinate visually-dependent involuntary reflexes of the eyes such as tracking a moving object across the visual field?

A

Corticotectal fibers

43
Q

Tell me the tract of cortico-tectal fibers

A 
Start at the occipital cortex
Travels in the geniculocalcarine tract
Traverses the superior brachium
(Does NOT go through thalamus)
Synapses in superior colliculus (tectum)
44
Q

Anopsia (anoxia)

A

Loss of vision

45
Q

Hemianopsia (hemianopia)

A

Loss of vision in the 1/2 of the visual field

46
Q

Quadrantanopsia (quadrantanopia)

A

Loss of vision in 1/4 of the visual field

47
Q

Homonymous

A

Same

48
Q

Example: right homonymous hemianopsia

A

Same deficit in both eyes and the deficit is in the right half of visual field

49
Q

Lesion of R optic nerve

Which eye (R/L/Both) and what part of visual field is affected?

A

Right Eye

Visualization on page 29

50
Q

Lesion of R optic nerve

What is our deficit?

A

Entire visual field for right eye = right eye blindness = right eye anopia

Pg 29

51
Q

Lesion of the optic chiasm at midline

Which eye (R/L/Both) and what part of visual field is affected?

A

Left half of visual field for left eye
Right half of visual field for right eye

Pg 30

52
Q

Lesion of optic chiasm at midline (pituitary tumor)

What is our deficit?

A

Bilateral hemianopsia

Pg 30

53
Q

Lesion: compression of right lateral margin of optic chiasm (aneurysm of internal carotid artery)

Which eye (R/L/Both) and what part of visual field is affected?

A

Right eye, left/nasal/medial visual field

Pg 32

54
Q

Lesion: compression of right lateral margin of optic chiasm

What is the deficit?

A

Nasal hemianopsia of the right eye

Pg 32

55
Q

Lesion of the right optic tract OR right optic radiations OR right 1˚ visual cortex

Which eye (R/L/Both) and what part of visual field is affected?

A

Both eyes and left visual field

Pg 33

56
Q

Lesion of the right optic tract OR right optic radiations OR right 1˚ visual cortex

What is the deficit?

A

Left homononymous hemianopsia

Pg 33

57
Q

Lesion of right Meyer’s loop (possible temporal lobe tumor)

Which eye (R/L/Both) and what part of visual field is affected?

A

Both eyes. Left half of the visual field, and the superior quarter of that field.

Pg 33

58
Q

Lesion of right Meyer’s loop (possible temporal lobe tumor)

What is the deficit?

A

Left superior homonymous quadrantanopia

Pg 33

59
Q

ratio of ganglion cells

to bipolar cells in fovea

A

1:1

60
Q

Ratio of cones to bipolar cells in the fovea

A

1:1

61
Q

rods to bipolar cell ratio

near the macula lutea

A

10:1

62
Q

rods to bipolar cell ratio

near the ora serrata

A

100:1

63
Q

Lesion of the visual association cortex could result in:

A

Facial agnosia

64
Q

Where are fibers from the retinotectal fibers going?

A

From the retina to the tectum via superior brachial (“arm” of superior colliculus)

64
Q

The image of an object projected onto the retina will be___________ and _____________.

A

Inverted and reversed

64
Q

area seen by both eyes = ___________

A

Total visual field

65
Q

an image from the upper left quadrant of the visual field will project onto what part of the retina in each eye?

A

left retina - the lower right (nasal) quadrant

Right retina - the lower right (temporal) quadrant

66
Q

How is visual data organized throughout the central pathway?

A

Retinotopic

Example: visual data from the right halves of both retina (left visual field data) will project to the right side of the brain

67
Q

LGB axons form optic radiations that called ________.

A

geniculocalcarine tract

68
Q

The geniculocalcarine tract passes around the_________ and _________ of the lateral ventricle.

A

collateral trigone, inferior horn

69
Q

fibers of the geniculocalcarine tract that loop around the inferior horn of the lateral
ventricle (temporal lobe) and synapse on lower banks of calcarine sulcus comprises ___________.

A

Meyer’s loop

70
Q

Most of the functional area of the primary visual cortex is located where within the calcarine sulcus?

A

deep within sulcus, minimal amount on medial surface

71
Q

Where is the photosensitive chemical rhodopsin found and how does it work?

A

It is found in the rod cells of the neural layer of the retina. Light changes the configuration of rhodopsin which results in a change in the membrane potential of the rod cell to allow for transduction of light information into visual data

72
Q

There are three types of cone receptors which include one of three photosensitive pigments that absorb either ______, ______ or _______ light.

A

Red, green, blue

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions