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Neuroanatomy > Unit 3: Cerebellum Pg 102-112 > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cerebellum Pg 102-112 Flashcards

1
Q

Medial portion fo the cerebellum, extending from superior surface to inferior surface

A

Vermis

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2
Q

Paired structures of the cerebellum, lateral to the vermis

A

Hemispheres

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3
Q

The medial part of the hemispheres of the cerebellum is often referred to as the

A

Paravermis

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4
Q

What fissure is on the superior surface that separates anterior cerebellum from posterior cerebellum?

A

Primary fissure

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5
Q

What lobe is on the superior surface of the cerebellum and anterior to primary fissure?

A

Anterior lobe

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6
Q

What lobe is posterior to primary fissure and on the superior surface and extends into the inferior surface of the cerebellume?

A

Posterior lobe

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7
Q

Which lobe is located along the anterior edge of the inferior surface of the cerebellum?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

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8
Q

What are the lateral paired structures on the flocculonodular lobe

A

Flocculi

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9
Q

The flocculi are near what cranial nerves

A

VII

VIII

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10
Q

What structure is the midline part of the flocculonodular lobe?

A

Nodulus

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11
Q

The nodulus extends into what space?

A

IV ventricle

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12
Q

3 division of cerebellum

A

Archecerebellum
Paleocerebellum
Neocerebellum

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13
Q

The archicerebellum also called

A

Vestibulocerebellum

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14
Q

Paleocerebellum also called

A

Spinocerebellum

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15
Q

Neocerebellum also called

A

Pontocerebellum

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16
Q

What division of the cerebellum receives afferent input from vestibular nerve, vestibular nuclei and contralateral inferior olivary nucleus

A

Archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum)

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17
Q

What division of the cerebellum receives much of its afferent input from sensory fibers that ascend from the spinal cord

A

Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum)

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18
Q

What division of the cerebellum is the newest and largest part where input is largely from cerebral cortex after relay in pontine nuclei

A

Neocerebellum (pontocerebellum)

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19
Q

What division of the cerebellum corresponds anatomically to the flocculonodular lobe

A

Archicerebellum

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20
Q

What division of the cerebellum corresponds to (most of the) vermis and paravermis

A

Paleocerebellum

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21
Q

What division of the cerebellum corresponds to (a portion of) the vermis, but mostly the lateral portion of the hemispheres

A

Neocerebellum

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22
Q

Leif-like folds on the cerebellar cortex called

A

Folia

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23
Q

The surface area of the cerebellar cortex is about ____ the surface area of the cerebral cortex

A

3/4

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24
Q

Neurons in the cerebellar cortex include:

A 
Purkinje **ONLY CEREBELLAR
Golgi
Stellate
Basket
Granule cells
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25
Q

What layer is the inner layer of the cerebellum called

A

Granular layer

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26
Q

The granular layer has this kind of neurons

A

Granule and Golgi cells

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27
Q

What do axons of granule cells do

A

Ascending into the molecular layer and interact with dendrites of Purkinje cells, which allow granule layer neurons to influence Purkinje cells

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28
Q

What is the middle layer of the cerebellum called

A

Purkinje layer

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29
Q

What layer is the Purkinje layer

A

Middle layer

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30
Q

What do dendrites do in the Purkinje layer?

A

Arborize in the molecular layer

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31
Q

Axons leave the cerebellar cortex and terminate on

A

deep cerebellar nuclei or the vestibular nuclear complex

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32
Q

Purkinje cells are the ONLY

A

Efferent neurons of cerebellar cortex

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33
Q

How many rows of purkinje cells/neurons and where are they?

A

Single row; middle layer

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34
Q

What is the outer layer in the cerebellum

A

Molecular layer

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35
Q

What are the number of neurons in the molecular layer?

A

Few

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36
Q

The molecular layer serves as a major ____ field

A

Synaptic

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37
Q

Molecular layer contains dendrites of

A

Purkinje cells

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38
Q

The white matter forms the

A

core/medullary center

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39
Q

Efferent fibers in the white matter are

A

exiting/leaving the cerebellum

40
Q

Afferent fibers in the cerebellum are

A

Entering cerebellum

41
Q

As white matter extends out to the cortex, it forms

A

Arbor vitae

42
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle only includes what fibers

A

Afferent pontocerebellar fibers

43
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle includes what tracts

A

Ventral spinocerebellar tract and others

44
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle includes what tracts

A

Vestibulocerebellar tract
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Cuneocerebellar tract
Olivocerebellar tract

45
Q

Afferent fibers form 2 structural types of fibers

A

Mossy fibers or climbing fibers

46
Q

Mossy fibers terminate in the granular layer in an expanded terminal called a

A

rosette

47
Q

Climbing fibers ascending into the molecular layer where they

A

Climbe dendritic trees of purkinje cells

48
Q

Mossy fibers indirectly influence purkinje cells how?

A

mossy fibers synapse on golgi and gradual cells. Granule cell axons project into molecular layer and influence purkinje cells.

49
Q

Climbing fibers directly influence purkinje cells how?

A

Climbing fibers project into the molecular layer and exert powerful control on purkinje cells

50
Q

Climbing fibers are primarily ____ while mossy fibers include:

A

Olivocerebellar fibers; spinocerebellar fibers, cuneocerebellar fibers, pontocerebellar fibers, vestibulocerebellar

51
Q

Central nuclei

A

Deep/subcritical cerebellar nuclei

52
Q

4 pairs of nuclei embedded in medullary center

A

Fastigial nuc, globose nuc, emboliform nuc, dentate nuc

53
Q

There are 2 sources of input into the central nuclei (4 pairs of nuclei embedded in medullary center). Most of the input come from

A

Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex that provide strong inhibitory influence on cerebellar nuclei

54
Q

There are 2 sources of input into the central nuclei (4 pairs of nuclei embedded in medullary center). Some of the input comes from

A

Sources outside the cerebellum. These fibers provide excitatory input to cerebellar nuclei

Pontocerebellar fibers
Vestibulocerebellar fibers
Spinocerebellar fibers
Olivocerebellar fibers
Others
55
Q

Axons of central nuclei project efferent fibers out of cerebellum via

A

Inferior and superior cerebellar peduncles (no MCP)

56
Q

Axons of central nuclei provide

A

FINAL efferent output of the cerebellum

In order for the cerebellum to influence motor activity, neurons of central nuclei must project fibers of the cerebellum to modify the activity of motor areas of the brain and brainstem and also to the motor nuclei of the thalamus.

57
Q

Archecerebellum, also called:

A

Vestibulocerebellum

58
Q

Archecerebellum

Anatomically:

A

Flocculonodular lobe

59
Q

Paleocerebellum also called

A

Spinocerebellum

60
Q

Paleocerebellum

Anatomically:

A

Vermis and paravermis

61
Q

Neocerebellum, also called

A

Pontocerebellum

62
Q

Neocerebellum

Anatomically:

A

Part of vermis and lateral portion of hemispheres

63
Q

Efferent output of the archicerebellum is by the neurons of

A

fastigial nucleus and some into brainstem

I.e purkinje neurons of the cortex of the archicerebellum send axons
to the fastigial nucleus and some into the brainstem

64
Q

The archicerebellum is involved in

A

Adjustment of muscle tone in response to vestibular data

Maintenance of equilibrium and eye position in response to movement of the head

65
Q

Lesion of the flocculonodular lobe would result in

A
  • Loss of equilibrium
  • Loss of adjustment of muscle tone in response to vestibular data
  • Inability to maintain proper eye position in response to head movements
66
Q

Archicerebellum receives afferent input from the

A
  • Vestibular nerve
  • Vestibular nuclei
  • Contralateral inferior olivary nucleus
67
Q

Paleocerebellum receives afferent input from

A
  • Dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts
  • Cuneocerebellar tract
  • olivocerebellar tract

Remember: one side of paleocerebellum receives sensory input from the ipsilateral side of the body

68
Q

Efferent output of the paleocerebellum is by the neurons of

A
  • Fastigial
  • Globose
  • Emboliform nuclei

I.e. purkinje cells of the cortex of the paleocerebellum project axons
to the fastigial nucleus and the globose and emboliform nuclei

69
Q

Fibers from globose and emboliform nuclei (paleo cerebellar output) traverse the SCP and terminate

A
  1. UMNs in reticular formation
  2. Reticulobulbar tract
  3. Ventral/anterior reticulospinal tract
  4. Lateral reticulospinal tract

Therefore the paleocerebellum receives input of proprioception and other sensory modalities and utilizes this information to influence motor output of vestibular nuclei, reticular formation (red nucleus and motor areas of cerebral cortex)

70
Q

Paleocerebellum is involved in

A
  • Control of muscle tone

- Synergy of muscle groups — coordination of muscle contracts especially in muscles used in postural control and gait

71
Q

Neocerebellum receives afferent input from

A
  • Contralateral cerebral cortex via corticospinal-ponto-cerebellar projections
  • olivocerebellar projections

Note: input to pontocerebellum from cerebral cortex concerns movements that are planned and movements that are in process

72
Q

Efferent output of the neocerebellum is by the neurons of

A

Dentate nucleus

I.e. purkinje cells of the neocerebellum project axons to the dentate nucleus

73
Q

Neurons of dentate nucleus send fibers through SPC to

A
  1. Contralateral red nucleus and influence rubrospinal tract and rubrobulbar tract
  2. Most to contralateral ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus which influences the output of motor areas of cerebral cortex including
    - corticospinal and corticobulbar/corticonuclear tracts
    - corticovestibular tract
    - corticoreticular tract
    - corticopontine p/ways
    - others
74
Q

One hemisphere of the cerebellum exerts control over movements on the

A

Ipsilateral side of the body/face

75
Q

Asyngergy

A

Loss of coordination

76
Q

Asynergy affects muscles of

A

Axial skeleton/trunk

Proximal extremities, especially lower extremities

77
Q

Ataxic gait

A

Wide-based, staggering gait

Unstable postures with lots of body sway

78
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary and repetitive eye movements

79
Q

Disorders of movement include

A

Asynergy
Ataxic gait
Frequent nystagmus

80
Q

Pathologies that affect the archicerebellum will usually result in degeneration of

A

Midline portions of cerebellum that affect vermis and flocculonodular lobe and thus disorder movement

81
Q

Neocerebellar syndrom is associated with pathologies to the

A

Hemispheres

82
Q

Neocerebellar syndrom includes interruption of

A

afferent input, efferent pathways, etc

83
Q

Hypotonia

A

Decreased muscle tone

84
Q

Ataxia

A

Movements lack coordination

85
Q

Dysmetria

A

Difficulty gauging the appropriate distance, power, speed of a movements to desired target

May undershoot or overshoot target

86
Q

Past-pointing

A

Difficulty finding a target

87
Q

Intention tremor

A

Occurs at the end of a voluntary movement as the patient tries to correct for a defective movement to a target

88
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

Inability to perform rapid, alternating movements that are repetitive

89
Q

Neocerebellar syndrome pathologies may include

A

Hypotonia
Ataxia
General asynergy; inappropriate force, range and direction of movement that may result in movements taking longer to initiate and to stop, dysmetria, past-pointing, intention tremor, ‘decomposition of a movement’ where movements are fragmented/disjointed, dysdiadochokinesia, disarthria

90
Q

Disarthria

A

Slurred speech

91
Q

archicerebellum – receives afferent input from…

A

vestibular ganglia

and nuclei

92
Q

paleocerebellum - receives much of its afferent input from…

A

sensory fibers that ascend from the spinal cord

93
Q

neocerebellum - receives input largely from….

A

the cerebral cortex after relay in the pontine nuclei.

94
Q

climbing fibers are primarily olivocerebellar fibers that originate from the…

A

contralateral inferior olivary nuclear complex

95
Q

archicerebellum influences motor control by modifying the activity of descending motor pathways that originate from the vestibular nuclei which includes what tracts?

A

vestibulospinal tract
descending MLF
ascending MLF

96
Q

fibers from the fastigial nucleus (paleocerebellar and acrchicerebellar output) traverse the ICP, terminate in and influence the output of the vestibular nuclear complex, which includes:

A
  • vestibulospinal tract

- MLF

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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