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Medicine Phase 2a GI > Mind maps qs > Flashcards

Mind maps qs Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding

A 
Oesophageal varices
Gastritis
Peptic ulcers
Mallory-Weiss tear
Malignancy
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2
Q

Causes of Lower GI bleeds

A 
Haemorrhoids
Polyps
Angiodysplasia
Infectious diarrhoea
Malignancy
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2 types)
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3
Q

2 types of IBD

A

Crohns disease

Ulcerative colitis

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4
Q

Regions of abdomen

A 
Right hypochondriac (top right abdomen)
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Hypogastric/suprapubic
Left iliac (bottom left abdomen)
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5
Q

Causes of abdominal pain in right hypochondriac region

A

Pancreatitis
Ulcer (gastric)
Gallstones
Biliary colic

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6
Q

Causes of abdominal pain in epigastric region

A 
Heartburn
Pancreatitis
Epigastric hernia
Gallstones
Ulcer (gastric)
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7
Q

Causes of abdominal pain in left hypochondriac region

A

Pancreatitis

Ulcer (gastric or duodenal)

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8
Q

Causes of abdominal pain in right lumbar region

A

Kidney stones
Urinary tract infection
Constipation

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9
Q

Causes of abdominal pain in umbilical region

A 
Gastric ulcer
Early stages of appendicitis
Aortic aneurysm
Ruptured aortic aneurysm
Pancreatitis
IBD
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10
Q

Causes of abdominal pain in left lumber region

A 
Kidney stones
Urinary tract infection
Constipation
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Diverticular disease
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11
Q

Causes of abdominal pain in right iliac region

A

Appendicitis
Ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian torsion
Inguinal or femoral hernias

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12
Q

Causes of abdominal pain in hypogastric/suprapubic region

A

Urinary tract infection
Appendicitis
IBD
Diverticular disease

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13
Q

Causes of abdominal pain in left iliac region

A 
Diverticula disease
IBD
Ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian torsion
Inguinal or femoral hernias
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14
Q

Causes of GI malabsorption

A 
These Definitely Cause Absorption Problems:
Tropical sprue
Disaccharidase deficiency
Coeliac disease and Crohn's disease
A-beta-lipoproteinaemia
Pancreatic insufficiency
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15
Q

Which part of GI tract is affected by tropical sprue

A

Idiopathic

Can affect all of small intestine

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16
Q

Treatment of GI malabsorption as result of tropical sprue

A

Folic acid

Tetracycline

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17
Q

Cause of Coeliac disease

A

Autoantibodies to gliadin

Proximal small intestine mainly affected

18
Q

Treatment of coeliac disease

A

Gluten-free diet

19
Q

What is A-beta-lipoproteinaemia

A

Autosomal recessive disorder

Results in the inability to synthesise chylomicrons

20
Q

Treatment of GI malabsorption as result of A-beta-lipoproteinaemia

A

Vitamin E

21
Q

Cause of Whipple’s disease

A

Tropheryma whipplei (gram-positive bacterium)

22
Q

Treatment of Whipple’s disease

A

Antibiotics for 1-2 years

23
Q

Cause of disaccharidase deficiency

A

a deficiency in enzymes required for digestion and absorption e.g. beta-glycosidase complex

24
Q

Treatment of disaccharidase deficiency

A

Restricted diet

25
Q

Cause/pathology of pancreatic insufficiency

A

Diseases such as cystic fibrosis, cancer and pancreatitis

Results in the deficiency of vitamins A, D, E, K (fat soluble vitamins)

26
Q

Treatment of pancreatic insufficiency

A

Pancrelipase

27
Q

Causes of GI inflammation

A

Gastritis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Appendicitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease)

28
Q

What is gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach lining

May be acute or chronic

29
Q

Cause of acute gastritis

A 
Stress
Uraemia
Alcohol
NSAIDs
Burns: Curling's ulcer
30
Q

Types of chronic gastritis and their causes

A

Type A:
Autoimmune - autoantibodies are present to parietal cells
Presents with pernicious anaemia
Occurs in the fundus or body of the stomach
Type B (more common):
Associated with Helicobacter pylori infection

31
Q

Investigations for H.pylori infection (gastritis)

A

Bloods - anaemia and H.pylori
Urinalysis
Blood test - measures antibodies to H.pylori
Carbon isotope - urea breath test
Endoscopy with biopsy of stomach lining
Stool microscopy and culture (may detect trace amounts of H.pylori)

32
Q

Treatment of gastritis

A

Triple therapy to eradicate H.pylori
Step wise approach to treating gastritis:
Mild or Moderate/severe

33
Q

Treatment of mild gastritis

A

antacids or H2 receptor antagonists

34
Q

Treatment of moderate/severe gastritis

A

PPI

35
Q

Triple therapy to eradicate H.pylori

A

Proton pump inhibitor and
Clarithromycin and
Metronidazole or Amoxicillin

36
Q

Gastritis complications

A

Peptic ulcers
Anaemia (from bleeding ulcers)
Stricture formation
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma

37
Q

What is appendicitis

A

Inflammation of appendix that presents with pain that can originate in the umbilical area before migrating to the right iliac fossa

38
Q

Investigations of appendicitis

A

Diagnosis is clinical:
Bloods - FBCs, U and Es, CRP
Ultrasound
Pregnancy test in females of child bearing age to rule out ectopic pregnancy

39
Q

Treatment of appendicitis

A

Surgical excision

40
Q

Complications of appendicitis

A

Peritonitis

Medicine Phase 2a GI (35 decks)

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