8. Neoplasia 1 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 8. Neoplasia 1 Deck (10)
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1
Q

Uterine leiomyoma

A

Uterine fibroids are leiomyomata of the uterine smooth muscle.

As with other leiomyomata, they are benign, but may lead to excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), often cause anemia and may lead to infertility.

A rare form of these tumors is uterine lipoleiomyoma - benign tumors consisting of a mixture of adipocytes and smooth muscle cells. Uterine lipoleiomyomata have been observed together with ovarian and other pathologies and some of them may develop into liposarcoma.

These tumors are monoclonal, and non-random chromosomal abnormalities have been seen in 40% of the tumors.

2
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

a cancerous tumor in a bone.
Specifically, it is an aggressive malignant neoplasm that arises from primitive transformed cells of mesenchymal origin (and thus a sarcoma) and that exhibits osteoblastic differentiation and produces malignant osteoid.

Osteosarcoma is the most common histological form of primary bone cancer. It is most prevalent in children and young adults.

3
Q

Mature cystic teratoma of ovary

A

A dermoid cyst is a mature cystic teratoma containing hair (sometimes very abundant) and other structures characteristic of normal skin and other tissues derived from the ectoderm.

The term is most often applied to teratoma on the skull sutures and in the ovaries of females.

4
Q

Struma ovarii

A

(literally: goitre of the ovary)
a rare form of monodermal teratoma that contains mostly thyroid tissue, which may cause hyperthyroidism.

Despite its name, struma ovarii is not restricted to the ovary.

The vast majority of struma ovarii are benign tumors; however, malignant tumors of this type is found in a small percentage of cases

5
Q

Chronic lympocytic leukaemia

A

A condition where you build up many abnormal lymphocytes (white blood cells).

It occurs mainly in people aged over 60.

It typically develops very slowly and symptoms such as anaemia, bleeding problems or infections may not occur for years after the disease starts.

Treatment, when needed, aims to reduce the number of abnormal lymphocytes.

6
Q

Myeloma

A

Multiple myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, myelomatosis, or Kahler’s disease

cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell normally responsible for producing antibodies.
collections of abnormal plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow, where they interfere with the production of normal blood cells.
Most cases of multiple myeloma also feature the production of a paraprotein—an abnormal antibody which can cause kidney problems. Bone lesions and hypercalcemia (high blood calcium levels) are also often encountered.

diagnosed with blood tests (serum protein electrophoresis, serum free kappa/lambda light chain assay), bone marrow examination, urine protein electrophoresis, and X-rays of commonly involved bones.

considered to be incurable but treatable. Remissions may be induced with steroids, chemotherapy, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs such as thalidomide or lenalidomide, and stem cell transplants. Radiation therapy is sometimes used to reduce pain from bone lesions

7
Q

Lipoma

A

a benign tumor composed of adipose tissue
most common benign form of soft tissue tumor.
soft to the touch, usually movable, and are generally painless.
Many lipomas are small (under one centimeter diameter) but can enlarge to sizes greater than six centimeters.

Lipomas are commonly found in adults from 40 to 60 years of age, but can also be found in younger adults and children. Some sources claim that malignant transformation can occur, while others say this has yet to be convincingly documented.

8
Q

Seminoma

A

germ cell tumor of the testicle or, more rarely, the mediastinum or other extra-gonadal locations.
It is a malignant neoplasm and is one of the most treatable and curable cancers, with a survival rate above 95% if discovered in early stages

Testicular seminoma originates in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.

Treatment usually requires removal of one testicle. However, fertility usually isn’t affected. All other sexual functions will remain intact.

9
Q

Angiosarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm of endothelial-type cells that line vessel walls. This may be in reference to blood (hemangiosarcoma) or lymphatic vessels (lymphangiosarcoma).

Its origin typically readily permits metastases to distant sites. Most tumors of visceral blood and lymphatic vessel walls are malignant. Hemangiosarcomas and lymphangiosarcomas of the skin are not common.
Kaposi’s sarcoma is a different type of cancer that also involves endothelial-type cells.

Angiosarcoma of the liver, a rare fatal tumor, has been seen in workers intensively exposed to the gas vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) for prolonged periods while working in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymerization plants. It has also been associated with individuals exposed to arsenic-containing insecticides and Thorotrast.

10
Q

Colorectal carcinoma

A

due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

Signs and symptoms may include blood in the stool, a change in bowel movements, weight loss, and feeling tired all the time.

Risk factors for colorectal cancer include lifestyle, older age, and inherited genetic disorders that only occur in a small fraction of the population.
Other risk factors include diet, smoking, alcohol, lack of physical activity, family history of colon cancer and colon polyps, presence of colon polyps, race, exposure to radiation, and even other diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
A diet high in red, processed meat, while low in fiber increases the risk of colorectal cancer.
Other diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, can increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
Some of the inherited conditions that can cause colorectal cancer include familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer; however, these represent less than 5% of cases.

It typically starts as a benign tumor, often in the form of a polyp, which over time becomes cancerous.

Bowel cancer may be diagnosed by obtaining a sample of the colon during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. This is then followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread.
Screening is effective for preventing and decreasing deaths from colorectal cancer.
Screening is recommended starting from the age of 50 to 75.
During colonoscopy, small polyps may be removed if found. If a large polyp or tumor is found, a biopsy may be performed to check if it is cancerous.
Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the risk. Their general use is not recommended for this purpose, however, due to side effects.