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Biochem > Unit One > Flashcards

Unit One Flashcards

1
Q

Negative delta h

A

Exothermic

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2
Q

Formation of peptides through

A

Condensation reaction

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3
Q

What functional group links the membrane lipids and nucleotides

A

Phosphoryl group

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4
Q

Conditionally essential amino acids

A

Arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, and tyrosine

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5
Q

What are stereoisomers

A

Same chemical bonds and chemical formula but differ in configuration which creates differences in physical properties

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6
Q

What functional group is found in methionine

A

This ether

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7
Q

What enzyme is used to maintain pH of blood and interstitial fluid

A

Carbonic anhydride

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8
Q

Low solubility of hydrophobic solutes can be explained by

A

Entropy, low entropy of water

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9
Q

Kw= [OH] x

A

[H]

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10
Q

Equation for Keq

A

Product over reactants

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11
Q

What do catalysts do

A

Increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

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12
Q

Buffering capacity of acid/anion system is greatest when

A

PH= pKa

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13
Q

Water can serve both as a

A

H donor and H acceptor

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14
Q

Rhino’s horns are made of

A

Keratin

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15
Q

Two water molecules are linked by what bond

A

Hydrogen bond

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16
Q

Why is palmitate provides more energy than glucose

A

More carbohydrates that can be oxidized and glucose is mostly oxidized

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17
Q

What speed reactions that are universally used by living organisms

A

Catalysis and coupling

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18
Q

What is the parent sugar of most carbohydrates

A

Glucose

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19
Q

Negative delta G is

A

Exergonic

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20
Q

What functional group makes up cysteine

A

Sulfhydryl

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21
Q

Do catalyst alter delta G

A

No

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22
Q

Are van der waals reversible

A

Yes

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23
Q

What drives thermodynamically unfavorable processes and CO2/HCO3 buffering system

A

Water

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24
Q

For delta g to be negative, Keq needs to be

A

Greater than one

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25
Q

Examples of amphipathic molecule

A

Phenylalanine, phosphatidylcholine

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26
Q

What functional group makes up fatty acids

A

Carboxylate

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27
Q

Why does cysteine have a positive hydropathy index

A

Due to sulfhydryl group acting as weak acid and form H-bond with oxygen and nitrogen

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28
Q

Examples of polar molecules

A

Glucose, glycine, Aspartate, lactate, and glycerol

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29
Q

Hydrogen concentration in basic solution

A

Less hydrogen concentration, less than 1 x 10^-7

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30
Q

Where is taurine found

A

Bile salts

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31
Q

What is signal transduction pathway

A

Transmits information such as external signals

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32
Q

Positive delta h

A

Endothermic

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33
Q

To find pI of acid

A

Two lowest points divided by two

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34
Q

Water is a poor solvent for

A

Non polar

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35
Q

PH=

A

-log[H+]

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36
Q

For delta g to be positive Keq has to be

A

Less than one

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37
Q

Taurine can be absorbed from diet through

A

Meats and dairy

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38
Q

What is bicarbonate used for

A

Important for blood plasma

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39
Q

What functional group is found in ATP

A

Phosphoanhydride

40
Q

Amino acids L or d

A

L

41
Q

Hydrogen links to oxygen by what bond

A

Covalent

42
Q

Catabolic pathways: endergonic or exergonic

A

Exergonic

43
Q

Why is ATP the energy currency of the cell?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP brings relief of charge repulsion, ADP is more stable than ATP, ionization

44
Q

Amino acids have a variety of biological functions such as

A

Capacity to polymerize, useful acid-base properties, varied physical properties, varied chemical functionality

45
Q

What are diastereomers

A

No mirror images and have different chemical and physical properties

46
Q

Purines are bicyclic unicyclic

A

Bicyclic

47
Q

What are London dispersion

A

Attractive force in van der waals interactions

48
Q

Which direction is the equilibrium shifted from with water to hydroxide and hydrogen ion

A

Towards water

49
Q

What type of bonds are important in stabilizing proteins in nature such as insulin

A

Disulfide bonds like in cystine

50
Q

What are dipole interactions

A

Electrostatic interactions between uncharged, but polar molecules

51
Q

What is the geometry of water

A

Tetrahedron

52
Q

How to speed up reactions

A

Higher temperatures, higher concentration of reactants, change the reaction by coupling to a fast one, lower activation barrier by catalysis

53
Q

Synthesis of taurine requires

A

Methionine or cysteine with glutathione

54
Q

What functional group makes up histidine

A

Imidazole

55
Q

Essential branched amino acids help with

A

Oxidizing to create energy for muscles

56
Q

What are ionic interactions

A

Electrostatic interactions between permanently charged species (thinks ions), give away electrons

57
Q

how energy can be wasted to surroundings in terms of enthalpy

A

Exothermic, lose heat

58
Q

For delta G to be zero, Keq has to be

A

Exactly one

59
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

Produces energy or useful byproducts

60
Q

What is the ranking of some phosphorylated compounds

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, creative phosphate, ATP to ADP, glucose 1-phosphate, pyrophosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, glycerol 3-phosphate

61
Q

What functional group makes up cystine

A

Disulfide

62
Q

To find pI of basic aa

A

Two highest points divided by two

63
Q

Large positive index indicates

A

Hydrophobic

64
Q

Positive delta G is

A

End ergo if

65
Q

Kw=

A

1 x 10^-14

66
Q

What happens to the entropy of the crystal lattice when dissolving

A

Increases

67
Q

Hydropathy index for hydrophilic groups

A

A, L, A, G, A, G, H

68
Q

Van der waals interactions

A

Weak interactions between all atoms, regardless of polarity

69
Q

What is an amphipathic molecule

A

Contains both a polar and non polar side

70
Q

Large negative index indicates

A

Hydrophilic

71
Q

What functional groups are found in acetyl-coenzyme A

A

Thioester, amido, phosphoanhydride, phosphoryl, imidazole, amino

72
Q

What is energy coupling

A

Couple non favorable reaction with favorable reaction to go from reactants to products

73
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect

A

Folding of non polar molecules in water

74
Q

The stronger the base, pKa is

A

Large

75
Q

What are the organic elements

A

CHONPS

76
Q

Anabolic pathways: exergonic or endergonic

A

Endergonic

77
Q

Importance of van der waals

A

Determines steric complementary, stabilize biological macromolecules, facilitates binding of polarizable ligand

78
Q

hydrogen concentration in acid

A

Higher H+ concentration , greater than 1x 10^-7

79
Q

What induces a net dipole moment

A

Electronegativity of oxygen

80
Q

Strong acid represents what type of pKa

A

Small

81
Q

Pyrimidines are bicyclic or unicyclic

A

Unicyclic

82
Q

Hydropathy index list for hydrophobic

A

IVLPMA

83
Q

When pH= pKa what happens to solution

A

Acid= conjugate base

84
Q

Example of non polar molecule

A

Wax

85
Q

Proteins can be

A

Cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, other modifications

86
Q

Is hydrolysis of ATP endergonic or exergonic

A

Exergonic

87
Q

Buffers function

A

Resist change in pH

88
Q

What are trace elements

A

Elements made in small amount

89
Q

Is water non polar or polar

A

Polar

90
Q

What are enantiomers

A

Have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral molecules, mirror images

91
Q

What are the main agents of biological function of proteins

A

Catalysis,transport, structure, and motion

92
Q

What functional group makes up carbohydrates

A

Aldehyde and ketone

93
Q

What are the variety of functions for peptides

A

Hormones and pheromones, neuropeptides, antibiotics, and protection

94
Q

Water is a good solvent for

A

Polar substance

95
Q

Binding sites in enzymes and receptors are often

A

Hydrophobic

Biochem (7 decks)

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