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Physiology final exam > Topic 4 - Functions, fractination and changes of plasma proteins > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Functions, fractination and changes of plasma proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include

A
  • Quantity of plasma proteins
    • 60-80 g/l
    • Quantifying
      • Kjedahl method

Fractions

  • Paper electrophoresis
    • Albumin
    • Fibrinogen
    • Globulin fraction
  • Gel electrophoresis
    • Albumin
    • Globulins
      • α1
      • α2
      • β
      • Ɣ
  • Ultracentrifugation
    • G
    • Vacuum field
    • Macromolecules
    • Sedimentation constant

Ion exchage chromatography

  • Proteins separated on basis of charge
  • Bound particles with negative charge
  • Free particles with positive charge
  • Beads with positive charge
  • Gel-filtration
    • Polysaccharide beads
      • Beads with pores
    • Granules
    • Retained small particles
    • Big particles gettin out
  • Affinity chromatography
    • Beads binding antibodies on the surface
      • Covalent binding to sepcific antibody
    • Particles with complements sides to antibodies
    • Particles wihtout complemetarity are washed away
  • Immune electrophoresis
    • Antibody distribution
    • Precipitation arcs
    • Antigen
    • Electric field
  • High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
    • Solid phase column
    • High pressure perfusion

Plasma protein fractions

  • ​Albumin
  • α-1 globulin
  • α-2 globulin
  • β globulin
  • Fibrinogen
  • Ɣ globulin

Functions of plasma proteins

  • Maintaining oncotic pressure
    • Albumin
    • Water in circulation
  • Transport functions of albumin
    • Fatty acids
    • BIlirubin
    • Hormones
    • Vitamins
    • Metal ions
  • Transport functions of globulin
    • Transferrin
      • Iron
    • Haptoglobin
      • Hem
    • Transcortin
      • Corticoids
    • Thyroxin Binding Globulin (TBG)
      • Thyroxin
    • Transcobalamin
      • B12-vitamin
    • Lipoproteins
    • Transport proteins
  • Lipoproteins
    • Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
    • Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
    • Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)
    • High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
  • Blood sedimentation
    • Clinical parameter
    • Plasma
    • Globulins
      • Acute phase proteins
      • Immunglobulins
    • Albumin
    • Red blood cells (RBC)
    • Negative charge
    • Inflammation
  • Buffer action
    • Buffer capacity of blood (7%)
    • Buffer capacity of plasma (15%)
  • Blood clotting
    • Blood coagulation
    • Intravasal compartment
    • Inactive precursors
    • Precursor
      • Anticoagulation
      • Fibrinolysis
  • Immunity
    • Immunoglobulins of specific immunity
    • Non-specific immunity
      • Complement proteins
    • Signal proteins
    • Peptides
      • Interleukins
  • ​Enzymes in the plasma
    • Hormone inactivation
    • Activated blood coagulation factors
      • Enzymes
  • Protein metabolism

Plasma proteins synthesis

  • Synthesized in liver
  • Plasma cells
    • Gamma globulins
  • Interstitial epithelium
    • HDL
    • VLDL
  • IC enzymes
    • Heart
    • Liver

Pathological changes

  • Hyper- and hypoprotonia
    • Starving
    • Kidney disease
  • Dysproteinemia
    • Ratio changes
  • Paraproteinemia
    • Pathological proteins appear
  • Defect-proteinemia
    • Ø some fractions
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2
Q

Topics to include in the essay

A
  1. Quantitiy of plasma proteins
  2. Fractions
    • Paper electrophoresis
    • Gel electrophoresis
    • Ultracentrifugation
    • Ion exchange chromatography
      • Gel-filtration
      • Affinity chromatography
      • Immune electrophoresis
      • High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
  3. Plasma protein fractions
  4. Functions of plasma proteins
  5. Plasma protein synthesis
  6. Pathological changes
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3
Q

Quantitiy of plasma proteins

Give the total amount of plasma proteins

A

60-80 g/l

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4
Q

Quantitiy of plasma proteins

Which method is used to quantifying

A

Kjedahl method

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5
Q

Name the methods used for fractination of plasma proteins

A
  1. ​Paper electrophoresis
  2. Gelelectrophoresis
  3. Immunoelectrophoreseis
  4. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
  5. Ultracentrifugation
  6. Ion exchange chromatography
  7. Gel-filtration
  8. Affinity chromatography
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6
Q

Fractionation

Paper electrophoresis

A
  • Only two proteins can be separated by this method:
    • Albumin
    • Fibrinogen
  • The rest of the proteins can be found in the globulin fraction
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7
Q

Fractionation

Gelelectrophoresis

A

Separated into albumin and globulins

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8
Q

Fractionation

Ultracentrifuging

A
  • Very high G can be developed in the vacuum field of the ultracentrifuge
  • In this way certain macromolecules are separated according to their sedimentation constants
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9
Q

Fractionation

Ion exchange chroatography

A

Separates proteins on the basis of their charge

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10
Q

Fractionation

Gel-filtration

A
  1. Protein mixture have to pass through the polysaccharide beads
  2. Protein with small molecular weight can get into the granules, biggere protein molecules cannot get into the granules
  3. Bigger molecules will be washed away sooner than the smaller molecules
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11
Q

Fractionation

Affinity chromatography

A
  1. One covalently binds a specific antibody formerly produced against the protein to the granules of the solid phase
  2. The protein will then be selected from the mixture by a special recognising system
  3. The rest of the proteins in the solution examined will be washed away from the column
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12
Q

Fractionation

Immune electrophoresis

A

Antibody distributed in a gel poured on a sheet of glass develops precipitation arcs with the antigen in the electric field

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13
Q

Fractionation

HPLC

A
  • High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
  • Divides proteins in a solid phase column under high pressure perfusion
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14
Q

Give the name of the most important plasma protein fractions

A
  1. Albumin
  2. α1 globulin
  3. α2 globulin
  4. β globulin
  5. Fibrinogen
  6. Ɣ globulin
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15
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Name the functions of plasma proteins

A
  1. Maintaining oncotic pressure
  2. Transport functions of albumin
  3. Transport functions of globulins
  4. Lipoproteins
  5. Blood sedimentation
  6. Buffer action
  7. Blood clotting
  8. Immunity
  9. Enzymes in the plasma
  10. Protein metabolism
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16
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Maintaining oncotic pressure

A
  • Albumin is 80% responsible for oncotic pressure
  • Keeps water in circulation
17
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Transport functions of albumin

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Bilirubin
  • Hormones
  • Vitamins
  • Metal ions
18
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Transport functions of globulins

A
  • Transferrin: iron
  • Haptoglobin : hem
  • Transcortin : corticoids
  • TBG: Thyroxin Binding Globulin
    • Thyroxin
  • Transcobalamin : B12-vitamin
  • Lipoproteins
  • Wide variety of transport proteins
19
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Lipoproteins

A
  • Lipids binds to proteins forming lipoproteins
    • ​Closed into a protein envelope
  • Density depends of fat:protein ratio
  • ​Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)
  • Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
  • Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL)
  • High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
20
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Blood sedimetation

A
  • Clinical parameter
  • In case of infections acute phase proteins appear in the plasma
  1. The globulins (acute phase proteins and immunglobulins) displace the albumin from the surface of the red blood cells
    • Result: charge of the cell surface will change
  2. Originally the cells have negative charge
    • Because of the albumin so they repulse each other and sediment slowly
  3. After the globulins bind the total charge will decrease, there will be less repulse among the red blood cells
  4. The sedimentation will get faster
  • Inflammation: a few days after infection acute phase proteins appear and their concentration increases due to interleukin-1 (macrophage signal)
  • Later: appearance of immunoglobulins
21
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Buffer actions

A
  • Plasma proteins are responsible for:
    • 7% buffer capacity of blood
    • 15% buffer capacity of plasma
22
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Blood clotting

A
  • Coagulation factors are plasma proteins (Ø Ca2+ facor IV)
  • All of the factors involved in blood coagulation that are circulate in the intravasal compartment as inactive precursors
    • Ø Ca2+ (coagulation factor IV)
  • Plasma proteins are precursor of:
    • Anticoagulation
    • Fibrinolysis
23
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Immunity

A
  • Immunoglobulins of specific immunity
  • Complement proteins of non-specific immunity
  • Signal proteins and peptides (eg. Interleukins) in the immune system
24
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

Enzymes in the plasma

A
  • Hormone inactivation
  • Activated blood coagulation factors: enzymes
  • Diagnostic importance: IC enzymes of liver, kidney, muscle and heart origin​
25
Q

Functions of plasma proteins

General protein metabolism

A
  • Plasma proteins change constantly
  • Take part in protein metabolism
  • Their daily regenerative capacity is 25 % (plasmapheresis)
  • 10 g/l decrease in concentration = 1 kg decrease in total protein content of the body
26
Q

Plasma protein synthesis, location

A
  • Almost all of the proteins are synthesized in the liver
    • ​Except for:
      • Gamma globulins: plasma cells
      • HDL and VLDL: intestinal epithelium
      • IC enzymes: from heart, liver etc.
27
Q

Changes of plasma proteins

Pathological changes

A
  1. Hypo and Hyperproteinemia
    • Starving
    • Kidney disease
  2. Dysproteinemia
    • Ratio changes
      • Eg. Albumin/globulin
  3. Paraproteinemia
    • Pathological proteins appear
      • Eg. Tumor, Bence-jones proteins
  4. Defect-proteinemia
    • Lack of some of the fractions
      • Genetic
      • Eg. fibrinogen

Physiology final exam (111 decks)

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