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Systemic > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the systemic circuit

A

Blood to and from the body except for the lungs

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2
Q

what bones form the posterior portion of the nasal septum?

A

vomer, ethmoid, maxillae, palantine

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3
Q

At the AV node, the action potential ______

A

Slows down

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4
Q

What type of blood is on the left half of the heart

A

Oxygenated

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5
Q

What is an auricle

A

On the anterior surface of each atrium, wrinkled pouchlike structure, slightly increases the capacity of the atria so can hold greater volume blood

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6
Q

What is the shape of the cartilage of the trachea?

A

C-shaped

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7
Q

What are the functional parts of the respiratory system

A

Conducting and respiratory

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8
Q

how many cartilages of the larynx occur singly?

A

3

thyroid, epiglottis, cricoids

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9
Q

Describe serous layer of pericardium

A

Inner layer, forms double layer around heart

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10
Q

What is the shape of the thyroid cartilage and why?

A

U-shaped because it is formed from 2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

What forms the lower border of the nasopharynx?

A

soft palate

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12
Q

What is the pathway for air?

A

Broncus (primary) –> secondary bronchi –> tertiary bronchi –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveoli

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13
Q

Why does left ventricle have thicker wall

A

Has to pump blood throughout the body and not just the lungs

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14
Q

What arteries supply the lungs?

A

Pulmonary and bronchial arteries

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15
Q

Where does the larynx extend? (Hint - in relation to C spine)

A

C4-C6

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16
Q

Where does the blood pass from the left atrium into the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

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17
Q

What is the carina?

A
  • Small piece of cartilage where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi
  • Will be distorted or widened if carcinoma is present
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18
Q

Inferior left point is next to

A

In the left 5th intercostal space

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19
Q

What is the name for blockage of coronary arterial circulation

A

Angina pectoris

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20
Q

Atria have _________ walls, while ventricles have _____ walls

A

Thin, thick

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21
Q

Where does the major coronary blood supply come from

A

Right and left coronary arteries

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22
Q

What is the largest cartilage of the larynx?

A

thyroid cartilage

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23
Q

What are the four projections of the heart

A

Superior right point, superior left point, inferior left point and inferior right point

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24
Q

What are the portions that the nose can be divided into?

A

external, internal

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25
Q

What veins drain into the coronary sinus

A

Great, middle, small and anterior cardiac veins

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26
Q

What are chordae tendineae

A

Tendenous cords that project from the papillary muscles to the flaps of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves of the ventricles

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27
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump its blood

A

To the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve

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28
Q

What is pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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29
Q

What forms the walls of the internal nose?

A
  • ethmoid bone (roof)
  • palantine bones (floor)
  • maxillae, lacrimal, palantine, conchae bones (lateral walls)
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30
Q

What are the names of the boundaries between the two ventricles

A

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus

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31
Q

What does the external nose consist of?

A

bony framework (frontal and nasal bones, maxillae) and cartilaginous framework (septal, lateral nasal and alar cartilages)

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32
Q

What divides the right and left atria

A

Interatrial septum

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33
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker wall

A

Left ventricle

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34
Q

What structures are included in the lower respiratory tract?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of the right atrium

A

Smooth thin wall on posterior and rough muscular anterior wall

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36
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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37
Q

What is the name for the superior narrow portion of the lung?

A

apex

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38
Q

What is the name of the main stem that leads to the right or left lung?

A

bronchus

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39
Q

Where does the left atrium receive its blood

A

Four pulmonary veins

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40
Q

Where does the trachea extend?

A

larynx to superior border of T5

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41
Q

What is the function of the SA node

A

Spreads impulses though the atrial myocardium to contract the atria

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42
Q

What are the characteristics of the pharynx?

A
  • funnel shaped
  • 13 cm long
  • lies posterior to nasal and oral cavities, superior to larynx, anterior to C spine
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43
Q

What term refers to the phase of relaxation of the heart

A

Diastole

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44
Q

What is the name for the membrane attached to the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

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45
Q

What is the name for the space within the internal nose?

A

nasal cavity

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46
Q

Where does blood pass from the right atrium into the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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47
Q

Surperior point is next to

A

Superior border of 3rd right costal cartilage

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48
Q

What specific part of bone separates the nasal cavity from the skull?

A

cribriform plate

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49
Q

What is the function of the surfactant secreted by the Type 2 alveolar cells?

A

Reduces tension on alveoli, preventing their collapse

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50
Q

Where does the trachea split? (in reference to the spine)

A

T4 and T5 to form the left and right primary bronchi

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51
Q

How big is the trachea?

A

12 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter

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52
Q

What is the anterior portion of the nasal cavity called?

A

vestibule

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53
Q

What are the structural parts of the respiratory system

A

Upper and lower

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54
Q

What cavity is the heart located in

A

Pericardial cavity in the mediastinum

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55
Q

What type of blood is on the right side of the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood

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56
Q

What is another name for tertiary bronchi?

A

segmental

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57
Q

Where does the action potential go after the AV bundle

A

Through the interventricular septum, dividing into right and left bundle branches and reaches apex of heart

58
Q

What are the two types of cells present in alveoli and their functions?

A
  1. Type 1 - make the lining (simple squamous)

2. Type 2 - secrete alveolar fluid aka surfactant

59
Q

What is the superior portion of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx

60
Q

Name the chambers of the heart

A

Upper right and left atrium, lower right and left ventricle

61
Q

What is the name of the windpipe?

A

trachea

62
Q

What is another name for laryngopharynx?

A

hypopharynx

63
Q

What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, nasal cavity , pharynx and paranasal sinuses

64
Q

What cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx?

A

thyroid

65
Q

What is responsible for the ridges on the anterior wall of the right atrium

A

Pectinate muscle

66
Q

What is the name for the membrane lining the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal pleura

67
Q

What is the name for the blood supply of the heart

A

Coronary circulation (cardiac circulation)

68
Q

The lobes of the lung receive ___ bronchi.

A

secondary

69
Q

How many cartilages are in the larynx

A

9

70
Q

Where does the oropharynx extend from?

A

soft palate to level of hyoid bone

71
Q

Where do the olfactory receptors lie?

A

in the olfactory epi of the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae

72
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

alveoli

73
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

anterior to esophagus

74
Q

Describe fibrous layer of the pericardium

A

Tough outer layer, fused with diaphragm, prevents overstretching

75
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit

A

Blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange

76
Q

What is the right AV orifice?

A

Opening between right atrium and right ventricle

77
Q

That heart has an ________, ________, _____ borders, and _____ surfaces.

A

Apex, base, 4, 4

78
Q

What structure is known as the pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

79
Q

Superior left point is next to

A

Inferior border of 2nd left costal cartilage

80
Q

What distinguishes the nasopharynx from the other 2 regions of the pharynx?

A

it only receives air (while the oropharynx and hypopharynx receive both food and air)

81
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

between hyoid bond and posterior end of pharynx

82
Q

What extends out of each lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

3 projections of bone: superior, middle, inferior nasal conchaes

83
Q

Where does the deoxygenated blood from the myocardium drain

A

Coronary sinus

84
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump its blood

A

Through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk

85
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal (outer) and visceral (inside)

86
Q

Where is the SA node located

A

Right atrial wall

87
Q

Conduction portion of respiratory system

A

Air passage, filter warm moisten air conduct it into lungs

88
Q

How many lobes are in the right vs. left lung?

A

right - 3 (sup. middle, inf.)

left - 2 (sup and inf)

89
Q

The segments of the lung receive __ bronchi.

A

tertiary

90
Q

Where does cardiac excitation begin

A

SA node

91
Q

What are papillary muscles

A

Muscles from the heart wall that project into the cavity

92
Q

The respirator functional part of respiratory system does what

A

Gas exchange occurring between blood and air

93
Q

What is the shape of the cricoids cartilage?

A

ring-shaped

anterior part is narrower than the posterior

94
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. detecting olfactory stimuli 2. modification of speech 3. warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
95
Q

What term refers to the phase of contraction of a chamber of the heart

A

Systole

96
Q

Where is the AV node located

A

In septum between the two atria

97
Q

What is another name for the AV bundle

A

Bundle of His

98
Q

What is the pericardial cavity

A

Contains fluid to reduce friction of the beating heart with the pericardial sac

99
Q

How many fissures in the right vs. left lung

A

right - 2 (oblique, horizontal)

left - 1 (oblique)

100
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood from

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

101
Q

Where is the epiglottis connected?

A

posterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage

102
Q

What is the purpose of the heart valves

A

Prevent backflow

103
Q

What does the larynx connect?

A

laryngopharynx and trachea

104
Q

What cartilage forms the Adam’s apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage of larynx

105
Q

How many cartilages of the larynx occur in pairs?

A

3

arytenoids, cuneiform, corniculate

106
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

closes trachea, prevents entry of liquids and food into respiratory pathways

107
Q

The heart lies on the

A

Diaphragm

108
Q

What is present on the posterior aspect of the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

109
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the right vs. left lung have?

A

right - 10

left - 8

110
Q

What is the function of the arrangement of the conchae and meatuses?

A

increase surface area in internal nose and prevent dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation

111
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

Compression of the heart

112
Q

What is the name of the space between vocal folds?

A

Rima glottidis

113
Q

Where does the internal nose communicate with the pharynx?

A

internal nares or conchae

114
Q

Why does the AP slow down at the AV node

A

Provides time for atria to empty their blood into ventricles

115
Q

Which lung is larger and by how much and why?

A

right is larger (left is 20% smaller due to heart)

116
Q

What is the name of the boundary between the atria and ventricles

A

Coronary sulcus

117
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous and serous

118
Q

What is the only side where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the ventricles

A

AV bundle

119
Q

What is the term for where the heart lies in the concavity of the left lung?

A

Cardiac notch

120
Q

How many alveolar ducts does an alveoli have?

A

2-11

121
Q

What structures conduct the action potential to the apex of the heart

A

Purkinje fibers

122
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart

A

Right av (tricuspid), left AV (bicuspid), pulmonary valve, aortic valve

123
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located

A

Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

124
Q

How many cartilaginous rings are present in the trachea?

A

16-20

125
Q

Inferior right point is next to

A

Superior border of 6th right costal cartilage

126
Q

What divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides?

A

nasal septum

127
Q

What does the posterior wall of the nasopharynx contain?

A

pharyngeal tonsil

128
Q

What are trabeculae carneae

A

Ridges of muscle on the inner heart wall of ventricles

129
Q

From the AV node, the action potential enters the

A

AV bundle

130
Q

What are the 4 layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

alveolar wall

  • epithelial basement membrane under that
  • capillary basement membrane
  • endothelial cells of the capillary
131
Q

What forms the anterior portion of the larynx?

A

cricoid cartilage

132
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis?

A

elastic

133
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

134
Q

What is another name for the visceral serous membrane

A

Epicardium

135
Q

What is a prominent feature of the interatrial septum

A

Fossa ovalis

136
Q

What are the lungs contained?

A

Left and right pleural cavities

137
Q

What is the name for the broad inferior portion of the lung?

A

base

138
Q

Lack of oxygen to the heart may result in

A

Myocardial infarction

139
Q

What divides the right and left ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

140
Q

Where is the auction potential from the SA node received

A

AV node

Systemic (3 decks)

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