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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Pt. I > Flashcards

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Pt. I Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

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2
Q

what is another name for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

adenohypophysis

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3
Q

what is the anterior pituitary made up of?

A

epithelium

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4
Q

what is the posterior pituitary made up of?

A

neural tissue

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5
Q

what is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

the hypophyseal stalk

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6
Q

Due to the anatomical location, tumors in the pituitary expand and put pressure on what?

A

the optic nerves

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7
Q

the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is what type of signal?

A

neural signal

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8
Q

what are the two areas in the hypothalamus that house the cell bodies that will extend their axons down to the posterior pituitary?

A

supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus

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9
Q

what do the axons in the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus secrete?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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10
Q

the connections between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary are what type of signal?

A

both neuronal and hormonal

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11
Q

Hypothalamic neurons produce what type of hormones that target the anterior pituitary?

A

releasing or release-inhibiting hormones

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12
Q

how do the releasing or release-inhibiting hormones get to the anterior pituitary?

A

via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels

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13
Q

what do corticotrophs secrete?

A

ACTH

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14
Q

what do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

TSH

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15
Q

what do gonadotrophs secrete?

A

FSH and LH

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16
Q

what do somatotrophs secrete?

A

GH

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17
Q

what do lactotrophs secrete?

A

PRL (prolactin)

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18
Q

What positively targets thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

A

TRH

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19
Q

what positively targets corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

A

CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)

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20
Q

What positively targets the gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

A

GnRH

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21
Q

What positively targets the somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

A

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

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22
Q

What negatively targets the somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

A

somatostatin (GHIH)

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23
Q

what negatively targets the lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

A

PIF (prolactin inhibiting factor) (dopamine)

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24
Q

what positively targets the lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

A

TRH (elevated levels)

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25
Q

primary disorders are classified how?

A

defects in the peripheral gland (e.g. the thyroid)

26
Q

secondary disorders are classified how?

A

they are associated with altered hormone levels due to a defect in the pituitary gland

27
Q

tertiary disorders are classified how?

A

they are associated with altered hormone levels due to a defect in the hypothalamus

28
Q

what is the HPG axis?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonado axis

29
Q

what is the hypothalamic hormone that is released in the HPG axis?

A

GnRH

30
Q

what could affect the pulsatile release of GnRH from the hypothalamus?

A

anorexia/starvation, extremem exercise/ very low body fat, or depression

31
Q

in males what does LH target?

A

Leydig cells in the testes

32
Q

in males, what does FSH target?

A

Sertoli cells in the testes

33
Q

when LH acts on the leydig cells in the testes what happens?

A

it stimulates the production of testosterone

34
Q

when FSH acts on the sertoli cells in the tests what happens?

A

it stimulates them to be responsive to androgens–> aids in the process of spermatogenesis

35
Q

what do the sertoli cells produce that act as a negative feedback?

A

inhibin, which acts on the anterior pituitary to limit FSH production

36
Q

in females, what does LH target?

A

theca cells in the ovaries

37
Q

in females, what does FSH target?

A

granulosa cells in the ovaries

38
Q

what happens when LH acts on theca cells in the ovaries?

A

there will be a production of androgen, which is then converted by granulosa cells to estrogens and progestins

39
Q

what happens when FSH targets granulosa cells?

A

synthesis of estrogens–> allows for follicle development during the reproductive cycle

40
Q

what occurs at the mid-cycle of a female?

A

a positve feedback pathway

41
Q

what is the purpose of the positive feedback pathway?

A

it allows the oocyte to mature- produces an LH surge right around the time of ovulation

42
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

the overgrowth of soft tissues, cartilages, and bone in the face, hands, and feet

43
Q

what causes acromegaly?

A

excessive growth hormone

44
Q

what could excessive growth hormone also cause besides acromegaly?

A

increase in blood glucose and hyperinsulemia

45
Q

what are the direct targets of growth hormone (somatotropin) released by the anterior pituitary?

A

bone and liver

46
Q

how will the bone and liver cells that respond to growth hormone (somatotropin) respond? (mechanism)

A

tyrosine-kinase associated pathway called JAK STAT pathway

47
Q

what happens when the JAK STAT pathway is activated?

A

there will be a production and secretion of a protein known as insulin-like growth factor 1

48
Q

what affect does IGF-1 have?

A

negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus; growth stimulating effects on tissues including bone, muscle, and adipose tissue

49
Q

when is GH secretion the highest?

A

during sleep and it peaks with exercise

50
Q

what causes stimulation of GH?

A

fasting/hunger/starvation, hypoglycemia, puberty, exercise, sleep, stress

51
Q

excess growth hormone before the closure of the bone epiphyses due to IGF-1 stimulated long bone growth causes what?

A

gigantism

52
Q

excess growth hormone after closure of bone epiphyses due to promotion of growth of deep organs and cartilaginous tissue causes what?

A

acromegaly

53
Q

increased GH has a negative feedback where?

A

to the hypothalamus that causes decreased GHRH

54
Q

increased levels of IGF-1 has a feedback loop where?

A

negative feedback loop to the anterior pituitary (so less GH secretion). but a positive feedback loop to the hypothalamus that causes an increase in GHIH from the hypothalamus

55
Q

an increase in the amount of GH levels would cause suspicion of what?

A

primary endocrine disorder/ growth hormone insensitivity

56
Q

if GH and IGF-1 were absent what type of disorder would it be?

A

secondary deficiency

57
Q

if GHRH, GH, and IGF-1 were all missing, what type of disorder would it be?

A

tertiary deficiency

58
Q

what happens if you have a high carb diet but a low protein diet?

A

GH is inhibited and the liver will not produce IGF-1 (weight gain)

59
Q

what happens if you have a decreased carb diet and an increased protein diet?

A

increased GH levels and increased IGF-1 (ketogenic metabolism)

60
Q

what is the main regulation of prolactin?

A

through inhibition using dopamine

61
Q

what does increased levels of prolactin cause?

A

a negative feedback on GnRH from the hypothalamus

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (19 decks)

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