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[ ESA 3- Infection and Immunity > Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are antigen presenting cells required for?

A

To activate T-cells when there is an invasion

Help convey what the pathogen looks like

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2
Q

Where are antigen presenting found?

A

In strategic locations

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3
Q

What is the aim of the location of antigen presenting cells in strategic locations?

A

To optimise interactions with B and T cells

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4
Q

What strategic locations are antigen presenting cells found in?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Lymphoid organs
Blood circulation

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5
Q

How are antigen presenting cells found in the skin?

A

SALT (skin associated lymphoid tissue)

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6
Q

How are antigen presenting cells found in the mucous membranes?

A

GALT (gut)
NALT (nasal)
BALT (bronchial)

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7
Q

Give two examples of lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes

Spleen

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8
Q

How are antigen presenting cells found in blood circulation?

A

Plasmacytoid

Myeloid dendritic cells

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9
Q

What are antigen presenting cells involved in?

A

Pathogen capture

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10
Q

What is the importance of pathogen capture?

A

The first step of adaptive immunity

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11
Q

How are antigen presenting cells involved in pathogen capture?

A

Phagocytosis

Macropinocytosis

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12
Q

What gets phagocytosed in pathogen capture?

A

The whole microbe

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13
Q

What aids antigen presenting cells in phagocytosis during pathogen capture?

A

Antibodies and opsonins

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14
Q

What is macropinocytosed in pathogen capture?

A

Soluble particles

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15
Q

What does diversity in pathogen sensors allow?

A

The appropriate response to occur by the secretion of appropriate cytokines for both extracellular pathogens and intracellular pathogens

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16
Q

Give 4 different types of antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells
Langerhans’ cells
Macrophages
B cells (BCR)

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17
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

Lymph nodes
Mucous membranes
Blood

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18
Q

What do dendritic cells present do?

A

T cells

B cells

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19
Q

Where are Langerhans’ cells found?

A

Skin

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20
Q

What do Langerhans’ cells present to?

A

T cells

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21
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

Various tissues

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22
Q

What do macrophages present to?

A

T cells

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23
Q

Where are B cells found?

A

Lymphoid tissues

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24
Q

What do B cells present to?

A

T cells

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25
Q

What framework do antigen presenting cells follow?

A

Capture - process - present

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26
Q

How are extracellular microbes identified?

A

By their PAMPs

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27
Q

What recognises extracellular microbes PAMPs?

A

Dendritic cells

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28
Q

What happens when a dendritic cell recognises an extracellular microbes PAMP?

A

They activate humoral immunity

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29
Q

What does the activation of humoral immunity by dendritic cells involve?

A

The activation of antibodies and complement opsonising the microbes for phagocytosis

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30
Q

What can identify intracellular microbes?

A

Dendritic cells that contain receptors inside their cytosol to detect viruses

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31
Q

What happens when dendritic cells identify intracellular microbes?

A

They activate cell-dependant immunity

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32
Q

What does the activation of cell-dependant immunity by dendritic cells involve?

A

The activation of cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells

The activation of macrophages and antibodies

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33
Q

Why are macrophages and antibodies activated in the activation of cell-dependant immunity?

A

To start phagocytosis

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34
Q

What does the activation of both humoral and cell-dependant immunity involve?

A

The presentation of the antigen by Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC) to initiate immunity pathways

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35
Q

What codes for MHC molecules?

A

Genes found on chromosome 6

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36
Q

Where are class I MHC molecules found?

A

On all nucleated cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

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37
Q

Where are class II MHC molecules found?

A

Only on dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

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38
Q

What type of expression do MHC molecules show?

A

Co-dominant

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39
Q

What is meant by MHC molecules showing co-dominant expression?

A

Both parental genes are expressed

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40
Q

What is meant by MHC molecules being polymorphic?

A

There are different alleles among different individuals

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41
Q

What does the polymorphic nature of MHC molecules lead to?

A

Different alleles among different individuals

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42
Q

What do MHC I molecules do?

A

Present peptides from intracellular microbes

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43
Q

What do MHC II molecules do?

A

Present peptides from extracellular microbes

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44
Q

What structural feature do MHC molecules have?

A

Peptide binding cleft

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45
Q

What is the peptide binding cleft of a MHC molecule?

A

Variable region with highly polymorphic residues

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46
Q

How specific are MHC molecules?

A

Broad, despite their polymorphism

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47
Q

What is the result of MHC molecules having a broad specificity?

A

Many peptides can be presented by the same MHC molecule

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48
Q

What do MHC I molecules elicit a response in?

A

CD8+ T cells

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49
Q

What are CD8+ T cells also known as?

A

Cytotoxic

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50
Q

What do MHC II molecules elicit a response in?

A

CD4+ T cells

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51
Q

What are CD4+ T cells also known as?

A

T helper

52
Q

Draw a diagram of an MHC I molecule

A

Add on website

53
Q

Draw a diagram of an MHC II molecule

A

Add on website

54
Q

What are the antigen presenting pathways?

A

Endogenous pathway

Exogenous pathway

55
Q

Where does the endogenous pathway of antigen presenting occur?

A

In all cells

56
Q

How does presentation occur in the endogenous pathway of antigen presentation?

A

Via the MHC I molecule

57
Q

What happens in the endogenous pathway of antigen presentation?

A

An intracellular virus or tumour antigen is detected within the cell and targeted for degradation by a proteasome
The degraded microbe is now a mixture of antigenic peptides
These proteins are processed by the ER and each peptide is presented by a different MHC molecule to the CD8+ T cell

58
Q

Where does the exogenous pathway of antigen presentation occur?

A

In antigen presenting cells only

59
Q

How does antigen presentation occur in the exogenous pathway?

A

Via the MHC II molecule

60
Q

What happens in the exogenous pathway of antigen presentation?

A

Exogenous antigens are taken in by phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, and broken down within an endosome.
The peptides of degraded antigen are then attached to the MHC II molecule and presented to CD4+ cells at the cell membrane

61
Q

Are self or non-self peptides presented in antigen presentation?

A

Both

62
Q

What does susceptibility to infections depend on?

A

The types of MHC molecules a person possesses

63
Q

What are the potential responses in HIV-infected individuals?

A

Slow progressors

Rapid progressors

64
Q

What MHC molecules are found in slow progressing HIV-infected individuals?

A

HLA-B27
HLA-B51
HLA-B57

65
Q

What is the result of the MHC molecules found in slow progressing HIV-infected individuals?

A

MHC molecules present key peptides for the survival of the virus (unmutated), leading to an effective T cell response

66
Q

What MHC molecules are found in rapid progressing HIV-infected individuals?

A

HLA-B35

Homozygote in HLA-1 alleles

67
Q

What is the result of the MHC molecules found in rapid progressing HIV-infected individuals?

A

MHC molecules present mutated peptides (less critical peptides for the virus), so there is poor recognition by T cells, and poor T cell responses

68
Q

What are the clinical problems with MHC molecules?

A

Major cause for organ transplant rejection

HLA association and autoimmune disease

69
Q

Why do MHC molecules cause organ transplant rejection?

A

There can be a HLA molecule mismatch between donor and recipient

70
Q

What is an allograph?

A

A donor that is the same species but genetically different from the recipient

71
Q

Give an example of an autoimmune disease with HLA association`

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

72
Q

What HLA molecules are related to ankylosing spondylitis?

A

HLA-B27

HLA-DQ2

73
Q

In what % of alkylosing spondylitis patients is HLA-B27 found?

A

90%

74
Q

In what % of ankylosing spondylitis patients is HLA-DQ2 found?

A

50-75% of patients

75
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus gland

76
Q

What do T cells contain?

A

T cell receptors (TCR)

77
Q

What do T cell receptors do?

A

Recognise the peptides presented by the MHC molecules

78
Q

What do MHC molecules present antigen peptides to?

A

T cells

79
Q

What do MHC II molecules present to?

A

CD4+ T cells

80
Q

What happens as a result of MHC II presentation to CD4+ T cells with extracellular microbes?

A

The CD4+ T cells activate humoral immunity

81
Q

What is activated in humoral immunity?

A

Antibodies (B cells)

Complement

82
Q

What happens as a result of MHC II presentation to CD4+ cells with intracellular microbes?

A

The CD4+ T cells activate cell-dependant immunity

83
Q

What is activated in cell-dependant immunity?

A

Antibodies (B cells)
Complement
Macrophages

84
Q

What is activation of CD4+ cells by MHC II molecules required for?

A

The activation of CD8+ T cells, as well as activation by MHC I molecules

85
Q

What do MHC I molecules present to?

A

CD8+ T cells

86
Q

What are CD8+ T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

87
Q

What is the result of activation of CD8+ T cells?

A

Killing of the infected cell

88
Q

What are the categories of CD4+ T cells?

A

Those for extracellular microbes

Those for intracellular microbes

89
Q

What are the CD4+ cells for extracellular microbes?

A

TH2

TH17

90
Q

What are the CD4+ cells for intracellular microbes?

A

TH1

91
Q

What does the interaction of APCs and TH1 do?

A

Activates CD8, B cells, and macrophages

92
Q

What is the result of the activation of macrophages by the interaction between TH1 and APCs?

A

Phagocytic activities kill opsonised microbes

93
Q

What happens to the B cells activated by the interaction between APCs and TH1?

A

B cells create antibodies by isotype switching

94
Q

What antibodies are produced from the B cells activated by the interaction between TH1 and APCs?

A

IgG2-3

95
Q

What is the result of production of antibodies from B cells activated by the interaction between TH1 and APCs?

A

Kills opsonised microbes

96
Q

What happens following CD8 activation by the interactions between APCs and TH1?

A

CD8 activates CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)

97
Q

What happens following the activation of CTL?

A

CTL interacts with MHC I receptors in the target infected cells, and releases perforins granzymes into the cell, leading to cell death

98
Q

What is the result of interaction between APCs and TH17?

A

Activation of neutrophils

99
Q

What is the result of activation of neutrophils by the interaction between APCs and TH17?

A

Phagocytosis

100
Q

What is the result of interaction between APCs and TH2?

A

Activation between eosionphils, B cells, and mast cells

101
Q

What is the result of activation of eosinophils by interaction between APCs and TH2?

A

Killing of parasites

102
Q

What is the result of activation of B cells by the interaction between APCs and TH2?

A

Produces antibodies

103
Q

What is the result of the production of antibodies by B cells activated by the interaction between APCs and TH2?

A

Phagocytosis and complement

104
Q

What is the activation of mast cells by the interaction between APCS and TH2 associated with?

A

Local inflammation and allergies

105
Q

How do B cells interact with T cells?

A

They can act as APCs to activate T cells

They can be activated by T helper cells

106
Q

How can B cells act as APCs to activate T cells?

A

By presenting antigen peptides via MHC molecules

107
Q

How can B cells be activated by T helper cells?

A

With the assistance of B cell receptors (BCR) found on the B cell itself

108
Q

What happens to B cells once activated by a T helper cell?

A

They differentiate into plasma cells and secrete IgM as a primary response

109
Q

What happens to B cells that don’t differentiate into plasma cells?

A

They receive different signals and become germinal centre B cells within lymphoid follicles

110
Q

What do germinal centre B cells within lymphoid follicles produce?

A

A high affinity antibody of a different type

111
Q

Give an example of an antibody that can be produced by germinal centre B cells within lymphoid follicles

A

IgG

112
Q

What can germinal centre B cells within lymphoid follicles later undergo?

A

Class switching

113
Q

What happens to germinal centre B cells once they have undergone class switching?

A

They secrete higher affinity immunoglobulins

114
Q

Give 3 examples of immunoglobulins that can be secreted by germinal centre B cells once they have undergone class switching

A

IgG
IgA
IgE

115
Q

What do some germinal centre B cells become?

A

Quiescent memory B cells

116
Q

What is the immune function of IgG?

A

Fc-dependant phagocytosis
Complement activation
Neonatal immunity
Toxin/virus neutralisation

117
Q

Why is IgG important in neonatal immunity?

A

The neonate is protected for the first month of live by maternal IgG

118
Q

What is the immune function of IgA?

A

Mucosal immunity

119
Q

What is the immune function of IgE?

A

Immunity against helminths

Mast cell degranulation

120
Q

Where does mast cell degranulation occur?

A

Allergies

121
Q

What is the immune function of IgM?

A

Complement activation

122
Q

What medical achievements have been derived from the study of the adaptive immune response?

A

Disease prevention
Immunoglobulin therapies
Immediate protection
Antibody based diagnostic tests

123
Q

How has disease prevention been achieved from the study of the adaptive immune response?

A

Vaccination (active immunisation)

124
Q

Where are immunoglobulin therapies used?

A

Immune deficiencies

125
Q

How is immediate protection against infectious diseases given?

A

Passive immunisation

126
Q

What happens in passive immunisation?

A

Antibody transfer

127
Q

Where are antibody-based diagnostic tests used?

A

Infectious diseases
Autoimmune diseases
Blood type and HLA types

[ ESA 3- Infection and Immunity (15 decks)

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