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[ ESA 3- Infection and Immunity > Introduction To Microbes > Flashcards

Introduction To Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

What categories can the microorganisms responsible for human disease be broken down into?

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

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2
Q

Give an example of a virus?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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3
Q

Give an example of a bacteria

A

Nisseria Meningitidis

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4
Q

Give an example of a fungi

A

Thrush

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5
Q

Give an example of a parasite

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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6
Q

What does plasmodium falciparum cause?

A

Malaria

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7
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites without a cellular structure

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8
Q

What do viruses consist of?

A

Molecule(s) of either DNA or RNA (but not both) surrounded by a protein coat
May also have an envelope

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9
Q

What is a viruses envelope derived from?

A

The plasma membrane of the host cell from which its released

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10
Q

What do viruses do?

A

Hijack the host’s mechanisms for creating mRNA and production of proteins to reproduce

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11
Q

What is the classification of viruses based on?

A

Their structure

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12
Q

What structural features can viruses be classified based on?

A 
Single or double stranded
Enveloped or not 
Positive or negative strand
Icosahedral or helical 
DNA or RNA
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13
Q

Give an example of a single-stranded, non-enveloped DNA virus

A

Parvovirus 19

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14
Q

What can parvovirus 19 cause?

A

Mild infections in children

Fetal development issues in pregnant women

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15
Q

Give two examples of double-stranded, non-enveloped DNA viruses

A

Adenovirus

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

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16
Q

What can adenovirus cause?

A

Pharyngitis
Conjunctivitis
Infantile gastroenteritis

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17
Q

What does HPV induce?

A

Hyperplastic epithelial lesions of either cutaneous or mucosal epithelium

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18
Q

What do a small number of HPV virus types produce?

A

Lesions that have a risk of progressing to malignancy

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19
Q

Give an example of a malignancy that can arise from HPV infection

A

Cervical carcinoma

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20
Q

Give two examples of double-stranded, enveloped DNA viruses

A

Herpes

Hepatitis B

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21
Q

What are the types of herpes infections?

A

Primary HSV-1
Latent HSV-1
Primary HSV-2
Latent HSV-2

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22
Q

What can primary HSV-1 infections cause?

A

Tonsillitis and pharyngitis in adults

Gingivostomatitis in young children with ulcer forming usually in the oropharynx

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23
Q

What can latent HSV-1 infections cause?

A

‘Cold sores’ to appear on or around the lips

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24
Q

What can primary HSV-2 infections cause?

A

Lesions in the genital tract, similar to those found in the oropharynx in primary HSV-1 infections

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25
Q

What can latent HSV-2 infections cause?

A

Often asymptomatic

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26
Q

What does hepatitis B cause?

A

Acute hepatitis and later chronic liver disease

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27
Q

Give two examples of single-stranded, positive strand, icosahedral, non-enveloped RNA viruses?

A

Hepatitis A/E virus

Norovirus

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28
Q

How is hepatitis A/E most commonly spread?

A

Through fecally contaminated waters

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29
Q

What does the hepatitis A/E virus cause?

A

Hepatitis and impaired liver function

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30
Q

What is norovirus also known as?

A

The winter vomiting bug

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31
Q

What is norovirus the leading cause of?

A

Acute gastroenteritis

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32
Q

Where is norovirus common?

A

In closed environments, such as schools, hospitals, prisons, and cruise ships

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33
Q

Give 3 examples of single-stranded, positive strand, icosahedral or helical, enveloped RNA viruses

A

HIV
Hepatitis C
Rubella

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34
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Sexually
Exchange of blood produces
Perinatally

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35
Q

How is HIV transmitted perinatally?

A

Transplacentally
During passage through the birth canal
By breastfeeding

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36
Q

What does HIV cause?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

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37
Q

What does HIV and AIDS allow?

A

Increasingly frequent and serious opportunistic infections to occur

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38
Q

What does the hepatitis C virus cause?

A

Destruction of liver cells

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39
Q

How does the hepatitis C virus cause destruction of liver cells?

A

Through viral replication and host response

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40
Q

How hepatitis C transmitted?

A

Via the blood

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41
Q

How is the rubella virus spread?

A

Via respiratory secretions

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42
Q

What does the rubella virus result in?

A

German measles

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43
Q

What can the rubella virus cause in the developing fetus?

A

Extreme congenital defects

44
Q

When can the rubella virus cause extreme congenital defects?

A

During the first trimester, when a pregnant woman is infected

45
Q

Give four examples of single stranded, negative strand, helical, enveloped RNA viruses?

A

Ebola
Measles
Mumps
Influenza

46
Q

How is the measles virus spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

47
Q

What does the measles virus cause?

A

Fever
Cough
Eventually a rash

48
Q

How is the mumps virus spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

49
Q

What does the mumps virus cause?

A

Swelling of the parotid glands

50
Q

How is influenza spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

51
Q

What does influenza cause?

A

Fever
Muscle aches
Extreme drowsiness

52
Q

Give an example of double-stranded, icosahedral, non-enveloped RNA virus

A

Rotavirus

53
Q

What does rotavirus cause?

A

Severe viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children

54
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

A class of virus that infect bacteria

55
Q

Where do bacteriophages play a key role?

A

Transmitting genetic material between different types of bacteria

56
Q

What are true bacteria also known as?

A

Eubacteria

57
Q

What kind of organisms are true bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

58
Q

What common structural organelles do most bacteria share?

A 
Capsule
Cell wall
Plasma membrane 
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Plasmid
Pili
Bacterial flagellum
Nucleoid (circular DNA)
59
Q

Do all bacteria possess a capsule or flagellum?

A

No

60
Q

What is the classification of bacteria based on?

A

Their overall shape identified under a microscope

61
Q

What are the classifications of bacteria?

A

Coccus
Spirillus
Bacillus

62
Q

What shape are cocci?

A

Circular

63
Q

What shape are spirillus?

A

Spiral

64
Q

What shape are bacillus?

A

Rods

65
Q

How can cocci be arranged?

A

Clusters
Chains
Pairs

66
Q

What is the bacterium called when it has cocci arranged in clusters?

A

Staph

67
Q

What is the bacterium called when it has cocci arranged in chains?

A

Strep

68
Q

What is the bacterium called when it has cocci arranged in pairs?

A

Diplo

69
Q

What is used to help make bacteria visible under a light microscope?

A

A technique known as the Gram stain

70
Q

What colour do gram positive bacteria appear with a gram stain?

A

Blue/violet

71
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria appear with a gram stain?

A

Red

72
Q

What is whether a bacteria is gram negative or gram positive determined by?

A

The composition of its surrounding wall and membranes

73
Q

What does the cell membrane of gram positive bacteria consist of?

A

Plasma membrane
Periplasmic space
Peptidoglycan

74
Q

What does the cell membrane of gram negative bacterium consist of?

A

Plasma membrane
Periplasmic space
Peptidoglycan
Outer membrane

75
Q

What does the outer membrane of gram negative bacterium consist of?

A

Lipopolysaccharide and protein

76
Q

How does the cell membrane of a gram positive bacterium differ from a gram negative?

A

Thicker peptidolycan wall

77
Q

What is the result of the thicker peptidoglycan wall of the gram positive bacterium?

A

Often causes host response

78
Q

How can the cell wall of gram negative bacterium cause disease?

A

Present of lipopolysaccharides, which often acts as endotoxins

79
Q

How do bacteria vary in their oxygen tolerance?

A

Aerobes can survive in the presence of oxygen, whereas anaerobes can survive in the absence of oxygen

80
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Bacteria that require oxygen to survive

81
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that require an oxygen free environment for survival

82
Q

When can obligate anaerobes survive in an oxygen rich environment?

A

If they can form spores

83
Q

On what characteristics can a bacteria be identified?

A

Gram staining
Shape
Arrangement

84
Q

What can be done by identifying a bacterias characteristics?

A

Allows clinicians to narrow down the antimicrobials that should be used

85
Q

Give 6 medically important gram positive cocci

A 
Staph aureus
Coagulase negative staph
Alpha-haemolytic streptococci
Beta-haemolytic streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Enterococcus faecalis
86
Q

Give an example of a beta-haemolytic streptococci

A

Strep pyogenes

87
Q

Give 4 medically important gram negative cocci

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Acinetobacter baeumannii

88
Q

Give 3 medically important gram positive bacilli

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus

89
Q

Give 6 medically important gram negative bacilli

A 
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus species
Salmonella typhi 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Haemophilus influenzae
90
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of chromosomes?

A

Prokaryotes are circular, usually single, and extra-chromosomal DNA may also be present (plasmids). Eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes

91
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of their nucleus?

A

Prokaryotes have no nuclear envelope or nucleoli, whereas eukaryotes have membrane bound nucleoli present

92
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of membrane-bound organelles?

A

Prokaryotes do not have them, whereas eukaryotes do

93
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of cell wall?

A

Prokaryotes usually have a cell wall present, whereas eurkaryotes only have them in plant cells

94
Q

What may the prokaryote cell wall contain?

A

Peptidoglycan

95
Q

Do eukaryote cell walls have peptidoglycan?

A

No

96
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of plasma membrane?

A

In prokaryotes, there is no carbohydrates and most lack sterols.
In eukaryotes, sterols and carbohydrates present

97
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, eukaryotes have 80S (but 70S in organelles)

98
Q

What are yeasts?

A

Single-celled fungi

99
Q

Give three examples of yeasts

A

Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pneumocystis jiroveci

100
Q

What are molds?

A

Multicellular fungi

101
Q

Give two examples of molds

A

Aspergillus species

Dermatophytes

102
Q

Give two examples of dematophytes

A

Ringworm

Athletes foot

103
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Single celled parasites

104
Q

Give 4 examples of protozoa

A

Giardia lamnbia
Cryptosporidium falciparum
Plasmodium falciparum
Typanosoma cruzi

105
Q

What are helminths?

A

Multicellular parasites, worms

106
Q

Give three examples of helminths

A

Roundworms
Tapeworms
Flukes

[ ESA 3- Infection and Immunity (15 decks)

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