B11: Genetic Manipulation

Question 1

Callus

Answer 1

A mass of unspecialised plant tissue.

Question 2

How are animals cloned?

Answer 2

1. Divide an early embryo into several individual cells.
2. Each cell grows into an identical embryo.
3. Embryos transferred to host mothers who have been given hormones to make them ready for pregnancy.
4. Identical calves are born, who have no relation to their host mothers.

Question 3

Explain Adult Cell Cloning

Answer 3

1. The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell.
2. A nucleus from an adult body cell is inserted into the egg cell instead.
3. The new egg is electric shocked, which stimulates it ti start dividing.
4. When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into a host womb.
5. A clone of the animal that provided the nucleus is born.

Question 4

Positives of Adult Cell Cloning

Answer 4

> It produces better, more useful animals.
It could save animals from extinction.
It could clone pets and prize winning animals.

Question 5

Negatives of Adult Cell Cloning

Answer 5

> Could lead to designer animals

> Reduces variety

Question 6

Explain Genetic Engineering

Answer 6

1. Take a gene and insert it into the genetic material of another organism. (enzymes are used to isolate and cut out the required gene)
2. The gene is inserted into a vector (e.g a bacterial plasmid) using enzymes.
3. Vector is inserted into a cell.
4. Cell multiplies and the gene is harvested.