Behavioral Science - Development

Question 1

Apgar score

Answer 1

• Assessment of newborn vital signs following labor via a 10-point scale evaluated at 1 minute and 5 minutes.
• **Apgar score is based on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration **
  
  • ≥ 7 = good
  • 4–6 = assist and stimulate
  • < 4 = resuscitate
• If Apgar score remains < 4 at later time points, there is increased risk that the child will develop long-term neurological damage.

Question 2

Low birth weight

• Definition
• Caused by…
• Associations
• Complications

Answer 2

• Definition
  
  • Defined as < 2500 g.
• Caused by…
  
  • Prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).
• Associations
  
  • Associated with increased risk of SIDS, and with increased overall mortality.
  • Other problems include impaired thermoregulation and immune function, hypoglycemia, polycythemia, and impaired neurocognitive/emotional development.
• Complications
  
  • Infections, respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and persistent fetal circulation.

Question 3

Early developmental milestones

Answer 3

• Milestone dates are ranges that have been approximated and vary by source.
• Children not meeting milestones may need assessment for potential developmental delay.
• Mnemonic
  
  • Infant: Parents Start Observing
  • Toddler: Child Rearing Working
  • Preschool: Don’t **Forget they’re still Learning**

Question 4

Early developmental milestones:
Infant (0-12 mo)

• Motor
• Social
• Verbal/Cognitive

Answer 4

• Motor: Parents
  
  • Primitive reflexes disappear— Moro (by 3 mo), rooting (by 4 mo), palmar (by 6 mo), Babinski (by 12 mo)
  • Posture—lifts head up prone (by 1 mo), rolls and sits (by 6 mo), crawls (by 8 mo), stands (by 10 mo), walks (by 12–18 mo)
  • Picks—passes toys hand to hand (by 6 mo), Pincer grasp (by 10 mo)
  • Points to objects (by 12 mo)
• Social: Start
  
  • Social smile (by 2 mo)
  • Stranger anxiety (by 6 mo)
  • Separation anxiety (by 9 mo)
• Verbal/Cognitive: Observing
  
  • Orients—first to voice (by 4 mo), then to name and gestures (by 9 mo)
  • Object permanence (by 9 mo)
  • Oratory—says “mama” and “dada” (by 10 mo)

Question 5

Early developmental milestones:
Toddler (12-36 mo)

• Motor
• Social
• Verbal/Cognitive

Answer 5

• Motor: Child
  
  • Climbs stairs (by 18 mo)
  • Cubes stacked—number = age (yr) × 3
  • Cultured—feeds self with fork and spoon (by 20 mo)
  • Kicks ball (by 24 mo)
• Social: Rearing
  
  • Recreation—parallel play (by 12 mo)
  • Rapprochement—moves away from and returns to mother (by 24 mo)
  • Realization—core gender identity formed (by 36 mo)
• Verbal/Cognitive: Working
  
  • Words—200 words by age 2, 2-word sentences
    
    • 2 zeroes

Question 6

Early developmental milestones:
Preschool (3-5 yr)

• Motor
• Social
• Verbal/Cognitive

Answer 6

• Motor: Don’t
  
  • Drive—tricycle (3 wheels at 3 yr)
  • Drawings—copies line or circle, stick figure (by 4 yr)
  • Dexterity—hops on one foot (by 4 yr), uses buttons or zippers, grooms self (by 5 yr)
• Social: Forget, they’re still
  
  • Freedom—comfortably spends part of day away from mother (by 3 yr)
  • Friends—cooperative play, has imaginary friends (by 4 yr)
• Verbal/Cognitive: Learning!
  
  • Language—1000 words by age 3, uses complete sentences and prepositions (by 4 yr)
    
    • 3 zeroes
  • Legends—can tell detailed stories (by 4 yr)

Question 7

Changes in the elderly

• Sexual changes
• Sleep patterns
• Psychological
• Organ systems
• Presbycusis

Answer 7

• Sexual changes
  
  • Men—slower erection/ejaculation, longer refractory period
  • ƒƒWomen—vaginal shortening, thinning, and dryness
  • Sexual interest does not decrease
• Sleep patterns
  
  • Decrease REM and slow-wave sleep
  • Increase sleep onset latency
  • Increase early awakenings
• Psychological
  
  • Increase suicide rate (particularly white men > 85 years old)
  • Intelligence does not decrease
• Organ systems
  
  • Decrease vision, hearing, immune response, bladder control
  • Decrease renal, pulmonary, GI function
  • Decrease muscle mass, increase fat
• Presbycusis
  
  • High-frequency hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at the cochlear base
  • Preserved low-frequency hearing at apex

Question 8

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: <1 YR

Answer 8

1. Congenital malformations
2. Preterm birth
3. SIDS

Question 9

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 1-14 YR

Answer 9

1. Unintentional injury
2. Cancer
3. Homicide

Question 10

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 15-24 YR

Answer 10

1. Unintentional injury
2. Homicide
3. Suicide

Question 11

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 25-34 YR

Answer 11

1. Unintentional injury
2. Suicide
3. Homicide

Question 12

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 35-44 YR

Answer 12

1. Unintentional injury
2. Cancer
3. Heart disease

Question 13

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 45-64 YR

Answer 13

1. Cancer
2. Heart disease
3. Unintentional injury

Question 14

Common causes of death (U.S.) by age: 65+ YR

Answer 14

1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Chronic respiratory