1 teaspoon
5mL
1 tablespoon
15mL
1 floz
30mL
1 cup
8 oz
240mL
1 pint
16oz
480mL
1 quart
2 pints
960mL
1 gallon
4 quarts
3840mL
1oz
28.4g
1 lb
454g
16oz
1 grain
65mg
1 mEq Ca2+
0.5 mmol
What are strategies to prevent Ca and phosphate from precipatating in a TPN?
1.Keep Ca and Phos ≤ 45 mEq/L
2. Keep at proper pH
3. Refrigerate after preparation
4. Phosphate first (after macronutrients), calcium added last
5. Ca gluconate preferred (less dissociation)
AD
right ear
AS
left ear
AU
each ear
OD
right eye
OS
left eye
OU
each eye