Cancer

Question 1

What is neoplasm?

Answer 1

Abnormal mass of tissue growth

Growth continues after stimulus is removed

Question 2

What do we call the cancer cells?

Answer 2

Parenchyma

Question 3

What is stroma?

Answer 3

Tissue around the cancer cels that consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, macrophages

Question 4

How to tell if a toy our is benign or malignant by name?

Answer 4

Benign tumours end in -Oma

Except sarcoma and carcinoma

Question 5

Difference between malignant and benign tumours

Answer 5

Malignant = undifferentiated cells
Grow faster
Infiltrate basal Latina
Metastasise

Question 6

4 ways of metastasis

Answer 6

Lymphatic
Haematogenous
Body cavity
Contiguous = touching

Question 7

3 ways of inheriting cancer

Answer 7

Autosomal dominant = familial adenomatous polyposis
Defective DNA repair = Xeroderma pigmentosum
Familial cancer syndrome = unknown cause but runs in family e.e multiple endocrine neoplasia

Question 8

Non hereditary cancers

Answer 8

Risk factor e.g. liver cirrhosis and HCC

Inflammation and cytokines can cause cancer

Question 9

What is carcinogenesis?

Answer 9

Acquiring malignancy in over a period of time due to multiple mutation

Question 10

Carcinogens

Answer 10

Chemicals= may need to be processed elder they are carcinogenic
Viruses e.g. HPV cervical cancer
Radiation UV

Question 11

4 regulatory genes and examples of cancers caused by loss of regulation in each

Answer 11

Oncogene = burkitts lymphoma mYC
Tumour suppressor genes = BRCA 1/2
DNA repair genes = genomic instability syndrome
Apoptosis = bcl2 unregulated in lymphomas

Question 12

Diagnosis and testing

Answer 12

Biopsy
Fine needle aspiration
Scans
PCR / FISH

Question 13

Difference between grading and staging?

Answer 13

Grading = histological , based on differentiation
Staging = size, spread to lymph nodes, metastasis = for patient
STAGING IS MORE USEFUL!!