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Physiology > Cardiac Simulation > Flashcards

Cardiac Simulation Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs when the pressure in the left ventricle exceeds that of the aorta?

A

Aortic valve opens

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2
Q

What happens when the pressure in the left ventricle exceeds the pressure in the left atria?

A

Mitral valve closes

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3
Q

What occurs when the pressure in the aorta exceeds that of the left ventricle?

A

Aortic valve closes

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4
Q

What happens when the pressure in the left atria exceeds that of the left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve opens

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5
Q

Describe the Atrial Systole of the Cardiac Cycle.

A

Filling of the ventricles until the atrioventricular valves close as the pressure in the ventricles exceeds that in the atria.

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6
Q

Describe the Isovolumic Contraction of the Cardiac Cycle.

A

Left ventricular pressure increases until the aortic valve opens.

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7
Q

Describe the Ejection of the Cardiac Cycle.

A

Ventricular muscles shorten and contract, ejecting blood from the heart in two phases: rapid and reduced.

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8
Q

Describe the Isovolumic Relaxation of the Cardiac Cycle.

A

The left ventricular pressure decreases below the the aortic pressure and so the aortic valve closes.

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9
Q

Describe the Ventricular Filling of the Cardiac Cycle.

A

The left ventricle falls below atrial pressure and so the mitral valve opens and the atria can begin to fill the ventricles in two stages: rapid and reduced.

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10
Q

Why is there Reduced Ejection?

A

Reduced ejection occurs because of:

1) Increased after load as it has increased due to the ventricles pumping blood out of the aorta
2) Cardiac muscle has already shortened a lot and so it has already shortened sarcomeres.

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11
Q

Why is there Reduced Filling?

A

The tension increases as the ventricles are filled and so when they are close to being full they resist filling more and so it fills slower.

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12
Q

What is the normal pressure of the right atria?

A

2 mmHg

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13
Q

What is the normal pressure of the left atria?

A

6 mmHg

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14
Q

What is the normal pressure of the right ventricle?

A

2 mmHg

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15
Q

What is the normal pressure of the left ventricle?

A

6 mmHg

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16
Q

What is the diastolic pressure of the left ventricle?

A

6 mmHg

17
Q

What is the systolic pressure of the left ventricle?

A

120 mmHg

18
Q

What is the normal aortic pressure?

A

80 mmHg

19
Q

What is the diastolic pressure of the right ventricle?

A

2 mmHg

20
Q

What is the systolic pressure of the right ventricle?

A

25 mmHg

21
Q

What is the a-wave in the venous pulse caused by?

A

Atrial contraction

22
Q

What is the c-wave in the venous pulse caused by?

A

Ventricular contraction

23
Q

What is the v-wave in the venous pulse caused by?

A

Filling and emptying of the atria

24
Q

What is the cause of the 1st heart sound (S1)?

A

Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

25
Q

What is the cause of the 2nd heart sound (S2)?

A

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

26
Q

What is the cause of the 3rd heart sound (S3)?

A

Occurs at the start of diastole and is caused by mitral regurgitation

27
Q

What is the cause of the 4th heart sound (S4)?

A

Occurs right before systole and right after atrial contraction and is caused by a forceful contraction to overcome a hypertrophic ventricle

28
Q

What is pulmonary wedge pressure?

A

It is the pressure measured by using a pulmonary catheter with a balloon wedged into a small pulmonary arterial branch.

It measures the pressure in the left atria and increases in pressure may be due to mitral stenosis.

29
Q

What are the causes of systolic murmurs?

A

1) Stenosis of the aortic or pulmonary valves

2) Incompetence of the mitral and tricuspid valves

30
Q

What are the causes of diastolic murmurs?

A

1) Stenosis of the mitral and tricuspid valves

2) Incompetence of the aortic and pulmonary vales

31
Q

Describe physiological splitting.

A

Caused during inspiration which creates a larger preload and the left ventricle empties before the right so that the pulmonary valve closes after the aortic valve.

32
Q

Describe persistent splitting.

A

Caused by right bundle branch block as RV systole is delayed by the blocked conduction and it appears throughout respiration (hence persistent).

33
Q

Describe paradoxical splitting.

A

Caused by left bundle branch block as LV systole is delayed and the aortic valve closes after and this appears with expiration.

34
Q

How does inspiration influence splitting of the 2nd heart sound?

A

Inspiration increases the preload of the RV and therefore increases its fulling which delays the closure of the pulmonary valve.

35
Q

How does inspiration affect physiological splitting?

A

It exaggerates it

36
Q

How does inspiration affect paradoxical splitting?

A

It attenuates it as it delays the RV conduction as well and so the difference of it and the LV conduction is lessened.

Physiology (81 decks)

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