Cardiovascular and Respiratory Flashcards
(33 cards)
Give 7 modifiable risk factors for cvs disease.
Hypertension - over 140/90 Hyperlipidaemia - total cholesterol/HDL over 4.5 and triglycerides over 1.5 Diabetes Smoking Alcohol Low exercise Stress
Give 5 complications of hypertension
Stroke MI Heart failure Kidney failure Retinopathy
Give as many causes of secondary hypertension as you can.
High renin due to:
High sympathetic - Phaechromocytoma
Low renal perfusion - renal artery stenosis
Low GFR - renal failure
High aldosterone effect - Cushing’s and Conn’s
Preeclampsia
How would you treat hypertension?
Young, diabetes, ckd
- Ace
- Add Ca channel or diuretic
Or if older or black
- Ca channel
- Add diuretic
What would a pacemaker look like on inspection?
Lump around second intercostal space mid clavicular line
What is the name of a scar which runs down the middle of the chest? What might cause it?
Median sternotomy scar
CABG (especially if leg scar)
Valve repair or replacement
Congenital defect
How would you listen for aortic stenosis? What would it sound like?
Late systolic murmur
Crescendo
Radiates to carotid.
How would you listen for mitral stenosis? What would it sound like?
Mid diastolic
Apex with the bell and lean
How would you listen for mitral regurgitation? What would it sound like?
Pan systolic
Axilla
How would you listen for aortic regurgitation? What would it sound like?
Diastolic
Left sternal edge lean forwards and expire
Give 6 important causes of AF.
Ischaemic heart (post MI) Hypertension Mitral regurgitation Pneumonia Thyrotoxicosis Alcohol
Give two causes of an irregularly irregular pulse and how to differentiate them.
AF
Ventricular ectopic beats
Ventricular ectopic beats will disappear in exercise
Give 3 causes of peripheral cyanosis
Reynauds
Peripheral vascular disease
Heart failure
Give 2 causes of central cyanosis.
Right to left cardiac shunt
Hypoxic lung disease
What might cause an elevated JVP?
Right heart failure
PE
Cardiac tamponade
Tension pneumothorax
What are the waves of the JVP? What does it mean if they are large?
A - atria contracting. If large complete heart block
V - tricuspid regurgitation
Give four important causes of heart failure.
Pump failure: MI, arrhythmia
High preload: valve regurgitation
High after load: hypertension, valve stenosis
Cor pulmonale
Give some of the stigmata of infective endocarditis.
Clubbing Splinter haemorrhages Splenomegaly Osler nodes Janeway lesions
Give some complications that occur with prosthetic valves.
Infective endocarditis
Thrombosis
Warfarin related problems
Give 4 unmodifiable risk factors for cvs disease?
Age
Sex
Ethnicity - South Asian
Family history
What are the principal cardio-respiratory causes of clubbing?
Lung Cancer
Interstitial lung disease (inc TB, sarcoidosis)
Bronchiectasis
Infective endocarditis
What does a flapping tremor indicate?
Hypercapnia
Could be type 2 respiratory failure, renal failure, or hepatic failure
What are the signs of anaemia?
Conjunctival pallor Peripheral cyanosis Cold hands Bounding pulse Large smooth tongue - glossitis
What might cause a bounding pulse?
Aortic regurgitation
Hypercapnia
Anaemia
Septic shock
Anaphylactic shock
