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Z OLD Tissues of the Body > Cell Ultrastructure > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

How is the image viewed using a light microscope?

A

Directly

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2
Q

How is the image viewed using a transition electron microscope (TEM)?

A

On a fluorescent screen

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the heated filament in a TEM?

A

Source of electrons

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4
Q

What is used as the lenses in a TEM?

A

Electromagnets

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5
Q

Why is the specimen for a TEM not on glass?

A

Glass would disrupt the electrons

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6
Q

How is the image viewed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

A

On a viewing screen

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7
Q

What is the specimen for a SEM treated with?

A

Gold or palladium

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8
Q

Why is the specimen for SEM treated with gold or palladium?

A

So it reflects electrons, giving a surface image

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9
Q

What is the limit of resolution?

A

The minimum distance at which two objects can be distinguished

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10
Q

What is the limit of resolution proportional too?

A

Wavelength

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11
Q

What happens to resolution as wavelength decreases?

A

It improves

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12
Q

What does the wavelength of electrons depend on?

A

Voltage

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13
Q

Is the theoretical limit of resolution ever reached?

A

No

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14
Q

What is the theoretical limit of resolution for light microscopes?

A

0.2µm

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15
Q

What is the theoretical limit of resolution for electron microscopes?

A

0.002nm

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16
Q

What membranes do prokaryotes have?

A

Have external membrane, but no internal membrane

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17
Q

Where do all biochemical processes of a prokaryotic cell occur?

A

All in same compartment

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18
Q

How are eukaryotic cells compartmentalised?

A

By internal membranes

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19
Q

Give 10 components of a eukaryotic cell

A
  • Endosome
  • Lysosome
  • Cytosol
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Peroxisome
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • Free polyribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Plasma membrane
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20
Q

How many proteins does a typical mammalian cell synthesise?

A

More than 100,000

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21
Q

What do phospholipids consist of?

A

NAME?

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22
Q

What does the head group of phospholipids consist of?

A

Choline-Phosphate-Glycerol

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23
Q

What does the hydrophobic tail of a phospholipid consist of?

A

2 fatty acids

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24
Q

What kind of molecules are phospholipids?

A

Amphipathic

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25
Q

What do phospholipid molecules make up?

A

The cell membrane

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26
Q

What does the phospholipid bilayer form?

A

A relatively impermeable barrier to most water-soluble molecles

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27
Q

What mediates most other functions of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Proteins ‘dissolved’ in the membrane

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28
Q

Are the proteins in the phospholipid bilayer free to move?

A

Some are attached to cytoskeletal elements, so can\t move as much, but some freely mobile

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29
Q

How can membrane proteins be associated with the bilayer?

A

NAME?

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30
Q

What parts of proteins often sit in the membrane?

A

α-helical regions

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31
Q

What is the cell coat called?

A

Glycocalyx

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32
Q

What is the glycocalyx made up of?

A

Oligosaccaride and polysaccharide side chains on outside of plasma memebrane

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33
Q

What do sugars give to the cell membrane?

A

Specificity of action

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34
Q

What is the importance of the specificity of action of the glycocalyx?

A

It allows them to work as receptors or stimulators

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35
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Selective permeability
  • Transport of materials along cell surface
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
  • Intercellular adhesion
  • Intercellular recognition
  • Signal transduction
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36
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) have?

A

Ribosomes

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37
Q

Do all cells have RER?

A

Yes

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38
Q

Where is RER more abundant?

A

In cells producing a lot of protein

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39
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

In the cisternae of RER

40
Q

Does smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) have ribosomes?

A

No

41
Q

Where is SER found?

A

NAME?

42
Q

What is the function of SER in the mammary glands?

A

Lipid biosynthesis

43
Q

What is the function of SER in the adrenal glands?

A

Steriodogenesis

44
Q

How does SER differ from RER?

A

More irregular

45
Q

What is it thought of the ER membrane?

A

It is continuous and enclosed in a single lumen

46
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus involved in?

A

Protein synthesis

47
Q

What happens at the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Vesicles with proteins join at it’s cis face
  • Proteins move through various sacs
  • Vesicles pinch off
48
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modify, sort, concentrate and package proteins synthesised in the ER

49
Q

What modifications are made in the Golgi apparatus?

A

Glycocylation

50
Q

What are lysosomes generated by?

A

Golgi apparatus

51
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Lots of acid hydrolytic enzymes

52
Q

What hydrolytic enzymes do lysosomes contain?

A

NAME?

53
Q

What is the pH in lysosomes?

A

~5

54
Q

What happens to anything defunct in a cell?

A

It can be wrapped in a membrane, fused with a lysosome and broken down

55
Q

How is the membrane of a lysosome protected?

A

By a glycocalyx

56
Q

What do lysosomes fuse with?

A

Any material requiring digestion

57
Q

What material might require digestion?

A
  • Bacterium
  • Other molecules taken up by endocytosis
  • Defunct cellular components
58
Q

What happens when bacteria are taken up by phagocytosis?

A

They form phagosomes, which fuse with lysosomes

59
Q

What happens to other molecules that are taken up by phagocytosis?

A

They form an early endosome, which changes to lysosome, which fuses with lysosome

60
Q

What is the process of removal of defunct cellular components called?

A

Autophagy

61
Q

What is formed in autophagy?

A

Autophagosome

62
Q

Where are peroxisomes found?

A

NAME?

63
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Detoxify a number of molecules

64
Q

How do peroxisomes detoxify?

A

By oxidation

65
Q

What molecules do peroxisomes detoxify?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Phenols
  • Formic acid
  • Formaldehyde
66
Q

Give the equations for detoxification that occurs by peroxisomes

A
  • RH 2 + O 2 → R + H 2 O 2

- R’H 2 + H 2 O 2 → R’ + 2H 2 O

67
Q

What do mitochondria consist of?

A
  • Matrix
  • Inner matrix in folds in cristae
  • Outer membrane
68
Q

What does the matrix contain?

A

100’s of enzymes and mitochondrial DNA genome

69
Q

What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain?

A

Enzymes for oxidation reactions of respiratory chain

70
Q

What is an important feature of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

It is impermeable to small ions

71
Q

Is the outer mitochondrial membrane permeable?

A

Yes, to molecules

72
Q

What is the pH of the mitochondrial inner membrane space?

A

7

73
Q

What is the pH of the matrix?

A

8

74
Q

What are the mitochondria the site of?

A

A cells energy production

75
Q

Where are the mitochondria cristae typically tubular?

A

In steriodogenic cells

76
Q

Why are mitochondria unlike other organelles?

A

They contain their own genetic information and can divide

77
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

Generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

78
Q

What lineage to mitochondria have?

A

Female

79
Q

What is meant by mitochondria having female lineage?

A

All mitochondria are inherited from mother

80
Q

How big are actin filaments

A

5-9nm in diameter

81
Q

How are actin filaments distributed?

A

Cortical

82
Q

What are actin filaments made up of?

A

A coil of two strings

83
Q

What are actin filaments able to do?

A

Get longer and shorter

84
Q

What is the diameter of intermediate filaments?

A

~10nm

85
Q

Where are intermediate filaments common?

A

In epithelial cells

86
Q

What do intermediate filaments form?

A

A tough supporting meshwork in the cytoplasm.

87
Q

Where are intermediate filaments found in the nucleus

A

Just beneath the inner nuclear membrane

88
Q

What is formed by intermediate filaments beneath the inner nuclear membrane?

A

The nuclear lamina

89
Q

What is the purpose of the nuclear lamina?

A

It helps bind cells together through plasmodesmata

90
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Long hollow tubes

91
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

The protein tubulin

92
Q

Where are microtubules found?

A

At sites where structures are moved

93
Q

Give 4 places that microtubules are found

A
  • Nerve fibres
  • Mitotic spindle
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
94
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

Centrosome

95
Q

Where do microtubules show the 9+2 arrangement?

A
  • Cilium

- Flagellum

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

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