Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

The axons from the base of pyramidal neurons release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 1

Glutamate

Question 2

Where do axons from the base of pyramidal neurons go to in general?

Answer 2

Other parts of the brain or cord

Question 3

What is an atypical neuron called?

Answer 3

Fusiform

Question 4

What is the first layer of the cortical layers called?

Answer 4

Molecular

Question 5

What is the second layer cortical called?

Answer 5

External Granular layer

Question 6

What is the third layer cortical called?

Answer 6

External Pyramidal

Question 7

What is the fourth layer cortical called?

Answer 7

Internal Granular layer

Question 8

What is the fifth layer cortical called?

Answer 8

Internal pyramidal Layer

Question 9

What is the sixth layer cortical layer called?

Answer 9

Multiform

Question 10

Distribution of _____, rather than cell body, is indicative of input to the neuron

Answer 10

dendrites

Question 11

T/F the six cortical layers are present though out the cerebrum

Answer 11

True- but the thickness varies

Question 12

T/F the thickness of the six cortical layers is the same throughout the cerebrum

Answer 12

False- it varies but all layers are the same

Question 13

Cortical layer IV receives input from what?

Answer 13

Thalmus

Question 14

Cortical layer VI sends out to where?

Answer 14

Thalmus

Question 15

Cortical layer V sends outputs to where?

Answer 15

Subcoritcal areas ie. The rest of the body

Question 16

Cortical layer I receives input from where

Answer 16

Association and commissural fibers

Question 17

Cortical Layers II and Layer III project to?

Answer 17

Other area of the cortext

Question 18

When are cortical columns established?

Answer 18

During the fetal life

Question 19

What does it mean when neurons are modality specific?

Answer 19

They are activated selectively from same area but respond to a specific receptor.

Question 20

The gray matter found on the surface of the outer cortex makes up what portion of the grey matter?

Answer 20

1/3 of the grey matter

Question 21

What type of cortex is associated with olfaction

Answer 21

Paleocortex

Question 22

What type of cortex is associated with medial and surface structures such as the hippocampus

Answer 22

archicortex

Question 23

What type of cortext makes up 90% of the hemispheres and is most developed in humans

Answer 23

neocortex

Question 24

When are the synapses made between cortical columns?

Answer 24

During the first year of life

Question 25

Microglial cells serve what purpose?

Answer 25

Phagocytic defense

Question 26

Astrocyte cells serve what purpose?

Answer 26

Provide communication network providing integration and regulation of the brain function help with blood brain barrier

Question 27

Oligodendrocyte cells serve what purpose?

Answer 27

myelinate CNS axons

Question 28

Ependymal cells serve that purpose?

Answer 28

line ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

Question 29

What are the three macroglial cells

Answer 29

astrocytes oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells

Question 30

The neocortex is made up of what 3 types of fibers?

Answer 30

Association Commissural Projection

Question 31

What fiber type interconnects cortical areas with the same area?

Answer 31

Association

Question 32

What fiber type interconnects cortical areas within opposite hemispheres?

Answer 32

Commissural

Question 33

What fiber type connects corical areas to subcortical structures?

Answer 33

Projection

Question 34

What type of fibers would be found in the anterior commisure and corpus callosum

Answer 34

Commisural

Question 35

Projection fibers leave the cerebrum through what?

Answer 35

Internal capsule

Question 36

Before projection fibers leave the cerebrum through the internal capsule the gather around the capsule to what is known as what?

Answer 36

Corona Radiata

Question 37

The cortex of the frontal lobe is associated with what?

Answer 37

motor responses, Judgement, foresight, and moods associated with behavior.

Question 38

The cortex of parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes are associated with what?

Answer 38

reception, and conceptual elaboration of sensory data

Question 39

What lobe performs cognitive tasks and control voluntary movement?

Answer 39

Frontal lobe

Question 40

What lobe handles memory, hearing and language

Answer 40

Temporal lobe

Question 41

What lobe enables body sensation and generates understanding of where your body is in space.

Answer 41

Parietal

Question 42

What lobe handles vision?

Answer 42

Occipital

Question 43

What cortex analyzes environments and make relationships between different stimuli?

Answer 43

Association cortex

Question 44

How many Brodman's areas are there?

Answer 44

52

Question 45

What area is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 45

Area 4

Question 46

What area is Broca's speech area?

Answer 46

Area 44,45

Question 47

What area is in charge of programming; complex movements involving multiple joints?

Answer 47

premotor area 6 (lateral surface)

Question 48

What area is in charge of motor planning and increases in blood flow during mental processing prior to actual movement.

Answer 48

supplementary area 6 (medial surface) | anterior cingulate gyrus area 24

Question 49

What initiates voluntary saccades?

Answer 49

frontal eye field

Question 50

What area receives general somatic sensations, input from spindles and GTOs, as well as superficial and deep receptors?

Answer 50

Primary Somatosensory (area 3,1,2; post central gyrus and paracentral lobule)

Question 51

What lobule is composed of area 5 and 7, and is responsible for integration of sensory modalities such as tactile and visual stimuli for complex somatosensory responses?

Answer 51

Superior lobule of the parietal lobe.

Question 52

What lobule is composed of supramarginal gyrus (area 40) and angular gyrus (area 39)?

Answer 52

Inferior lobule of the parietal lobe.

Question 53

What area is in charge of language processing?

Answer 53

Angular Gyrus (area 39)

Question 54

What area is in charge of integration of tactile, muscular, articular and kinesthetic afferents?

Answer 54

Supramarginal gyrus (area 40)

Question 55

What area organizes retinal input into blocks of images?

Answer 55

Primary visual cortex (area 17)

Question 56

What areas are responsible for visual recognition, visual examination, and organizes visual significance?

Answer 56

Areas 18 and 19 (association?)

Question 57

What are the two pathways that are associated with area 19?

Answer 57

- Lateral Pathway | - Ventral Pathway

Question 58

What area is responsive to movement perception, 3-D vision, and spatial sense.

Answer 58

Lateral Pathway (area 19)

Question 59

What area is responsive to forms (shapes), faces, colors, recognition?

Answer 59

Ventral Pathway (area 19)

Question 60

What area receives auditory input?

Answer 60

Primary Auditory (areas 41 and 42) transverse gyro of Heschl

Question 61

What area is in charge of speech perception and integration of visual with auditory input?

Answer 61

Auditory Association area 21 and 22

Question 62

What area is composed of the uncus and anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 62

Perform area

Question 63

What area is composed of the parahippocampal area that is in charge of short term memory

Answer 63

Limbic system

Question 64

What area is composed of the Wernicke's area and angular gyrus in charge of visual and temporal association cornices

Answer 64

Receptive area

Question 65

What area is composed of opercularis and triangularis?

Answer 65

Expressive speech area 44-45

Question 66

The right hemisphere is associated with what?

Answer 66

Communicative and emotional prsody

Question 67

What area has Extensive connections with other lobes, thalamus, and limbic system; concerned with highest brain functions such as abstract thinking, decision-making, anticipating the effects of particular courses of action, and social behavior

Answer 67

Prefrontal cortex (area 9-12)

Question 68

What area is concerned with intellectual abilities such as concentration, conceptualizing, planning, judgment, and problem solving; Essential for conscious learning and operates ‘working memory

Answer 68

Lateral association area 9